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Bio Final Will > Evolution of Animals 2 > Flashcards

Evolution of Animals 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of species are invertebrates?

A

95% of all species

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2
Q

What describes an invertebrate?

A

Absence of a backbone/spine

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3
Q

What did chordates and vertebrates evolve from?

A

Deuterostome

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4
Q

What is a porifera? What are 4 characteristics of it?

A

They are sponges

  1. Diploblastic
  2. Radial Symmetry
  3. Sessile (immobile)
  4. No true tissues
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5
Q

What is a Ctenophora? What are three characteristics of them?

A

They are simpler jellyfish

  1. Diploblastic
  2. Radial Symmetry
  3. They have multiple layers of cells.
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6
Q

What are the Ctenophora cell layers?

A
  1. A sensory epidermis
  2. A networked nervous system
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7
Q

What is a Cnidaria? How are they different from Ctenophora?

A

They are jellyfish as well with sessile polyps and swimming medusas. They also have a hydrostatic skeleton?

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8
Q

When did tripoblasty and bilateral symmetry evolve?

A

670Mya

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9
Q

What class of animals are bilaterally symmetrical?

A

Bilateria

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10
Q

What are two homoplasy’s of bilateria?

A

Acoela and Platyhelminths lost their body cavities and don’t have a digestive tract.

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11
Q

What is the classification of animals that have exoskeletons and molt often?

A

Ecdysozoa

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12
Q

What is the periodic molting of ecdysozoa called?

A

Ecdysis

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13
Q

What neural structures are found in arthropods? What other two characteristics do they have?

A

There are ganglions present in arthropods, and they show a rigid exoskeleton made of protein and chitin that is segmented.

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14
Q

What are the two sub classifications of the subphylum protostomia?

A

Lophotrochozoan and ecdysozoa

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15
Q

What are the two developmental structures associated with protostomia? Lightly describe them.

A

Lophophores are a crown of ciliated tentacles around the mouth for feeding, and Trochophores are a specific larval stage that somewhat resembles a clam shell.

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16
Q

What are the three deuterostome families?

A

Hemichordata, Echinodermata, and Chordata

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17
Q

When did chordata appear?

A

530 Mya

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18
Q

How are chordata different from the rest of the classes?

A

They are the only vertebrates

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19
Q

What is an example of Echinodermata and what are their three characteristics?

A

Starfish, and they are bilaterally symmetrical, deuterostomes, and have a water circulatory system called an ambulatory system

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20
Q

What is the ambulatory system of an echindodermata responsible for?

A

Nutrition, respiration, excretion, and locomotion

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21
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of chordata?

A
  1. They have a notochord
  2. Muscles are attached to said notochord
  3. They have a dorsal nerve chord (ectoderm stage of development)
  4. They have pharyngeal slits
  5. They have a post anal tail with skeleton and muscle
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22
Q

What is the oldest subgroup of chordates?

A

Cephalochordates

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23
Q

What are two characteristics of cephalochordates?

A
  1. Feeding through filtration in the pharynx
  2. Lateral movement for locomotion
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24
Q

What is the most recent invertebrate notochordate?

A

Urochordates

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25
Q

What is pedomorphosis? What family is it associated with?

A

It is the retention of juvenile characteristics of ancestors in adulthood and is associated with urochordates

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26
Q

What is special about urochordate larvae?

A

They developed the ability to reproduce before metamorphosis

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27
Q

What split urochordates from the rest of the notochords?

A

The loss of 4 hox genes

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28
Q

What class of animals was formed with the duplication of notochord hox genes?

A

Vertebrates

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29
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

Muscle attachment and protection of nerve tube

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30
Q

How is the spinal cord formed?

A

The solidification of vertebrae

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31
Q

What are vertebrates without jaws called?

A

Cyclostomes

32
Q

What are the two structural characteristics of cyclostomes (other than the lack of jaws)?

A

They have a circular mouth, and a cartilaginous skeleton without collagen.

33
Q

What are the two types of cyclostomes?

A

Myxini (hagfish), and petromyzondita (lampreys)

34
Q

What are vertebrates with jaws called?

A

Gnathostomes

35
Q

How did jaws evolve from vertebrate structure?

A

They are two modified skeletal rods

36
Q

What are the two arches in fish jaws?

A

The mandibular arch (jaws), and the hyoid arch (support)

37
Q

What are three characteristics of gnathostomes?

A
  1. Anterior gill slits
    2.Mineralization of the skeleton
  2. Duplication of Hox genes (more complex body plans)
38
Q

What is the oldest subgroup of gnathostomes? What are they?

A

Chondrichthyes are cartilaginous fish

39
Q

What is the skeleton of chondrichthyes?

A

They are cartilaginous(flexible and elastic connective tissue)

40
Q

How can the arrangement of scales on chondrichthyes be described?

A

They have placoid scales

41
Q

What structures do chondrichthyes have that are homologous with vertebrates?

A

Teeth (dentine + enamel)

42
Q

What are the 3 modes of internal fertilization of chondrichthyes? Lightly describe them as well.

A
  1. Oviparous : egg laying and external hatching
  2. Ovoviviparous: Embryo feeds from the yolk then hatches in the uterus.
  3. Viviparous: Embryo feeds from the placenta until birth
43
Q

What are bony fish called? What is their evolutionary difference from cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes)?

A

They are called osteichthyes and have lung/lung derivatives.

44
Q

What are osteichthyes bones made of?

A

Calcium phosphate

45
Q

What is the lung derivative in a bony fish?

A

The dorsal swim bladder

46
Q

Did early osteichthyes have lungs?

47
Q

What form of reproduction do bony fish go through (generally)?

A

Oviparous (External laying/hatching)

48
Q

What are the two fin classification of oseichthyes?

A

Actinopterygii (ray-finned) and sarcopterygii/actinistia (lobed-finned)

49
Q

What are two characteristics of actinopterygii?

A

Their fins do not have an internal skeleton and rays project from basal bones

50
Q

What are two characteristics of sarcopterygii/actinistia?

A

They have internal skeletons their muscles attach to, and they live in wetlands and may have been able to walk on land.

51
Q

What solo group other than sarcopterygii/actinistia have lobed fins?

A

Dipnoi/lungfish

52
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Dipnoi/lungfish?

A
  1. They have functional lungs (homologous to tetrapods)
  2. They possess gills as well
  3. They can crawl in the mud due to long pectoral fins
  4. They are resistant to dryness by burrowing in mud/ increasing torpor
53
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

4 Limbed animals with digits

54
Q

What is a niche?

A

the abiotic and biotic resources used by a species

55
Q

What are 5 adaptations of tetrapods to live on land?

A
  1. Support of the body against gravity
  2. Breathing air
  3. Hearing in air
  4. Resistance against dryness
  5. Vascular system with lungs and organs
56
Q

What is the name of the lobe finned fish with fish and tetrapod traits?

57
Q

What group of limbed animals with digits (tetrapods) is separate from the rest? The oldest?

A

Amphibians

58
Q

What are the three life stages of an amphibian? What does amphibian mean?

A
  1. Aquatic larval stage (gills, lateral line, herbivorous)
  2. Metamorphosis (Loss of tail, formation of legs)
  3. Terrestrial predator adult stage

Amphibian means double life

59
Q

What are the two Amniote characteristics?

A
  1. There is air insulation in embryo development
  2. There is ventilation (a thoracic cage) in adults
60
Q

What are the two subgroups of amniotes?

A

Reptiles and Mammals

61
Q

What are the 4 membranes of an amniotic embryo?

A
  1. Chorion
  2. Amnion
  3. Allantois
  4. Yolk sac
62
Q

What are the roles of the 4 amniotic embryonic membranes?

A
  1. Chorion = outer membrane/gas exchange
  2. Amnion = surrounds cavity / protection
  3. Allantois = surrounds disposal sac/ metabolic waste
  4. Yolk sac = stock of nutrients
63
Q

What are three evolutionary characteristics of reptiles?

A
  1. They have dry skin with scales containing keratin.
  2. They are ectothermic (all amniotes except mammals/birds)
  3. They have improved locomotic capacity
64
Q

What subclass of amniotes are birds categorized under?

A

They are reptiles and bipedal dinosaurs!

65
Q

What were the initial role of feathers? What kind of adaptation did they become?

A

They were initially for courtship/temperature regulation/camouflage/etc. but became an EXAPITATION which is opportunistic adaptation used for a new function.

66
Q

What are 7 adaptations of birds to flight?

A
  1. No bladder
  2. Only one ovary
  3. Small gonads
  4. high metabolic rate
  5. Absence of teeth
  6. Light skull and skeleton
  7. Wings and feathers
67
Q

What are 6 characteristics of mammals?

A
  1. Mammary glands (production of milk)
  2. Endothermic
  3. Larger forebrain with ability to learn
  4. Differentiated teeth
  5. Hair and fat layer under the skin (insulation)
  6. Kidneys (excretion of metabolic waste/water retention)
68
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of primates?

A
  1. Opposable thumbs
  2. Large brains and shorter jaws
  3. Parental care and social behaviors
  4. Tree dwelling animals (hand/eye coordination)
  5. Overlapping visual fields with orbits at front of skull (depth perception)
69
Q

Are monkeys hominids?

A

No! Hominids are apes and humans.

70
Q

How did chimp genes change to human genes?

A

Two chimp chromosomes fused to become one and the 2n number went from 48 to 46.

71
Q

When did humans show up on this beautiful mother earth Gaia?

A

6.5Mya roughly

72
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of humans?

A
  1. Bipedal
  2. Reduced jaw bones
  3. Short Digestive tract
  4. Language, complex and symbolic thought, prefrontal cortex function etc.
  5. Very similar to chimp DNA except 19 regulatory genes with large effects.
73
Q

How long ago was the first homo genus representation dated?

A

roughly 2.5Mya

74
Q

What is the closest relative species to homo sapiens? How long ago were they alive?

A

Homo neanderthalensis, 350,000 years ago. (limited gene flow with homo sapiens)

75
Q

How did the amneotic egg allow for tetrapods not needing the ocean?

A
  1. Provides air insulation so the embryo doesn’t dry
  2. It allows gas exchange, nutrition, waste disposal, which used to be diffusion in water
  3. It provides mechanical protection.

Bio Final Will (5 decks)

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