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Biology > Evolution, Mutation, Reproduction > Flashcards

Evolution, Mutation, Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Natural selection

A

Certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce

Can only increase or decrease traits

Doesn’t create new traits but select present ones

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2
Q

Analogous structure

A

Adapt to environment

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3
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Same features but not related = environment

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4
Q

Evidence for evolution

A

Fossil record

Homology: same features + related= ancestry

Convergent evolution: same features + not related= environment

Biogeography

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5
Q

Genetics

A

Study of hereditary

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6
Q

Blending hypothesis

A

Genes from both parents mixed

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7
Q

Particulate hypothesis

A

Pass on discrete genes

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8
Q

Characters

A

Distinct heritable features

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9
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Appearance

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11
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles

Not true breeding

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

True breeding

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13
Q

Micro evolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in a population

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14
Q

Factors that alter alleles

A

Genetic drift

Gene flow

Natural selection

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15
Q

Genetic drift

A

Unpredictable

Founder effect: individuals become isolated from large population

Bottleneck effect: sudden reduction in population b/c of environment

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16
Q

Gene flow

A

Directional
Disruptive
Stabilization

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17
Q

Sexual selection

A

Mating success for natural selection

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18
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Difference between sexes

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19
Q

Intrasexual (males)

A

Compete for mates

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20
Q

Intersexual (females)

A

Choose mates

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21
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Single cell

Known as bacteria

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22
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Plant and animal cell

Multicellular

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23
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

Ancestor ‘eats’ smaller prokaryote

Both benefit from relationship

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24
Q

Speciation

A

Orgin of new species

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25
Q

Hybrids

A

Cross between different species

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26
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

Block fertilization

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27
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Evolve into two or more species

28
Q

Mechanisms for evolution

A

Natural selection
Mutation
Gene flow
Genetic drift

29
Q

Dominant

A

Shows up more

30
Q

Recessive

A

Shows up less

31
Q

Population

A

Group that live in a place

32
Q

Gene pool

A

Collection of all genes in a population

33
Q

Relative fitness

A

Absolute fitness/average # of offspring in given population

34
Q

Fixed allele

A

One allele exist for a trait

35
Q

Five conditions of hardy weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. No mutations
  2. Random mating
  3. No natural selection
  4. Large population size
  5. No gene flow
36
Q

Cause of hybrid breakdown

A

Postzygotic barriers

37
Q

Ecological species concept

A

Ecological environment

38
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Smallest group on phylogenetic tree

39
Q

Morphological species concept

A

By structural environment

40
Q

Allopathic speciation

A

Separate because of gene flow/mutation

41
Q

Hybrid zone

A

Different species mate production hybrids

42
Q

3 possible outcomes for hybrid zone

A
  1. Gene flow cut
  2. Gene flow continue
  3. Cont. formation of hybrids
43
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Sudden appearance of fossils

44
Q

Mass extinction

A

Sudden extinction of species

45
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Record of fossils and rocks

46
Q

Oxygen revolution

A

Beginning of oxygen

Cause of extinction of prokaryotic groups

47
Q

Sympathetic speciation

A

Species joint and drive by sexual selection

48
Q

2 observation and 2 inference

A
  1. Produce more than environment can
  2. Support=fail to survive and reproduce

a. Inherited traits=better chance of surviving
b. Unequal ability to survive and reproduce

49
Q

F2 generation

A

Cross between two F1

50
Q

Species

A

Breed among themselves but not among different species

51
Q

Relative fitness

A

Absolute fitness of the fittest genotype

52
Q

Fixed allele

A

Members of population under homozygous

53
Q

Directional selection

A

Change frequency of allele in constant direction

54
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Ecosystem resist change

55
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Selection within the same sex

56
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Selection between two sexes

57
Q

F1 generation

A

Cross of first set of parents

58
Q

P generation

A

Analyze the genotype of offspring

59
Q

Mono hybrid cross

A

Differ in respect of a single gene

60
Q

Hybridization

A

Mating different species to create a hybrid

61
Q

True breeding

A

Produce offspring with the same phenotype only

62
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

Hybrid fails to develop

63
Q

Trait

A

Characteristics expressed by genes

63
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same genes

64
Q

4 stages that led to the origin of life

A
  1. Abiotic
  2. Join molecules
  3. Pack into protocells
  4. Replicate

Biology (5 decks)

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