Evolution diversity of animals

Question 1

Animal cells secrete and bind to a nonliving substance called

Answer 1

extracellular matrix

Question 2

a body form in which multiple similar parts are arranged around a central axis

Answer 2

Radial symmetry

Question 3

only one plane can divide the animal into mirror images

Answer 3

bilateral symmetry

Question 4

the tendency to concentrate sensory organs and brain at an animal’s head

Answer 4

cephalization

Question 5

a cup-shaped structure consisting of two or three layers of tissue

Answer 5

gastrula

Question 6

the outer layer where skin and the nervous system develops

Answer 6

Ectoderm

Question 7

the inner layer where become the digestive tract and the organs that derived from it

Answer 7

endoderm

Question 8

forms between the ectoderm and endoderm give rise to muscles, circulatory system, and many specialized structures

Answer 8

mesoderm

Question 9

the gastrula’s first indentation develops into the mouth, and the anus develops from the second opening

Answer 9

protostomes

Question 10

the first indentation becomes the anus, and the mouth develops from the second opening

Answer 10

deuterostomes

Question 11

a fluid-filled body cavity that forms completely within the mesoderm

Answer 11

coelom

Question 12

cavity lined partly with mesoderm and partly with endoderm

Answer 12

pseudocoelom

Question 13

the mouth both takes in food and ejects wastes

Answer 13

incomplete digestive tract

Question 14

secretes enzymes and distributes nutrients to all parts of the animal’s body

Answer 14

gastrovascular cavity

Question 15

food passes in one direction from mouth to anus

Answer 15

complete digestive tract

Question 16

the division of an animal body into repeated parts

Answer 16

Segmentation

Question 17

belong to phylum Porifera, which means “pore-bearers” – an apt description of these simple animals

Answer 17

sponges

Question 18

all share the ability to sting predators and prey. its name from the Greek word for “nettle

Answer 18

cnidarians

Question 19

a stalk holds the tentacles upward

Answer 19

polyp

Question 20

the tentacles dangle downward from the free-swimming belly

Answer 20

medusa

Question 21

cnidarian’s man defense against predators.

Answer 21

cnidocytes

Question 22

includes the flatworms. (Platy means “flat,” like a plate; helminth means “worms.”)

Answer 22

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Question 23

include many familiar animals on land, in fresh water, and in the ocean. comes from the Latin word for “soft,” reflecting the fleshy bodies in this phylum

Answer 23

Mollusks

Question 24

speedy swimmers, change their color and shape to match their background and release “ink”

Answer 24

cephalopods

Question 25

derives from the Latin word annulus (“little ring”), a reference to the segmented bodies of these animals.

Answer 25

phylum Annelida

Question 26

barely visible to the unaided eye, but they are extremely abundant in every habitat

Answer 26

roundworms/nematodes

Question 27

means “jointed foot,” a reference to the most distinctive features of this phylum: their jointed appendages

Answer 27

Arthropoda

Question 28

a rigid outer covering that protects and supports the body.

Answer 28

exoskeleton

Question 29

have grasping, claw-like mouthparts called chelicerae

Answer 29

Chelicerates

Question 30

have chewing, jaw-like mouthparts termed mandibles

Answer 30

mandibulates

Question 31

primitive-looking arthropods whose name refers to the hard, horseshoe-shaped exoskeleton

Answer 31

Horseshoe crabs

Question 32

eight-legged arthropods

Answer 32

Arachnids

Question 33

Make up a group of terrestrial arthropods like about 13,000 species of millipedes and centipedes. In these animals, the head features mandibles and one pair of antennae

Answer 33

Myriapods

Question 34

Their bodies are extremely variable, but all have mandibles and two pairs of antennae.

Answer 34

Crustaceans

Question 35

All of these animals have mandibles; one pair of antennae; a body divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen; six legs; and usually two pairs of wings.

Answer 35

Insects

Question 36

include some of the most colorful and distinctive sea animals. Their name means “spiny skin.”

Answer 36

echinoderm

Question 37

the most interesting of all, at least in part because it contains humans and many of the animals that we eat, keep as pets, and enjoy observing in zoos and in the wild.

Answer 37

phylum Chordata

Question 38

a flexible rod that extends along the length of a chordate’s back.

Answer 38

Notochord

Question 39

parallel to the notochord. It develops into the spinal cord and enlarges at the head end, forming the brain.

Answer 39

Dorsal, hollow nerve chord

Question 40

Slits or pouches form in the pharynx, the muscular tube that begins at the back of the mouth

Answer 40

Pharyngeal slits

Question 41

A muscular tail extends past the anus in all chordate embryos

Answer 41

Post-anal tail

Question 42

a bony or cartilage-rich case that surrounds and protects the brain

Answer 42

cranium

Question 43

a series of small bone or cartilage structures that make up the backbone

Answer 43

vertebrae

Question 44

the bones that frame the entrance to the mouth.

Answer 44

Jaws

Question 45

organs of respiration

Answer 45

lungs

Question 46

vertebrates with two pair of limbs that enable the animals to walk on land

Answer 46

Tetrapod

Question 47

contains several membranes the cushion the embryo, provide for gas exchange, and store metabolic wastes

Answer 47

Amniotic egg

Question 48

body temperature tends to fluctuate with the environment; these animals lack internal mechanisms that keep their temperature within an narrow range

Answer 48

ectotherm

Question 49

maintain they body temperature mostly by using heat generated from their own metabolism

Answer 49

Endotherms

Question 50

sessile marine animals that resemble a bag with two siphons

Answer 50

Tunicates

Question 51

resemble small, eyeless fishes with translucent bodies. They live in shallow seas, with the tail buried in sediment and the mouth extending to the water

Answer 51

Lancelets

Question 52

looks like an eel, cartilage makes up the cranium and supports the tail

Answer 52

Hagfish

Question 53

the simplest organisms to have cartilage around the nerve cord

Answer 53

Lampreys

Question 54

the most diverse and abundance of the vertebrates, with more than 30,000 known species that vary greatly in size, shape, and color

Answer 54

Fishes

Question 55

the most ancient group where their skeletons are made up of cartilage

Answer 55

cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)

Question 56

They have skeleton of bony tissue reinforced with mineral deposits of calcium phosphate

Answer 56

bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

Question 57

having fins supported by long rays of bones

Answer 57

ray-finned fishes

Question 58

having fleshy paired fins consisting of bone and muscle

Answer 58

lobe-finned fishes

Question 59

in Greek for “double-life”, referring to the ability of these tetrapod vertebrates to live in fresh water and on land

Answer 59

amphibian

Question 60

a group that includes the smooth-skinned “true frogs” and the watery-skinned toads

Answer 60

Frogs

Question 61

have tails and four legs, so they resemble lizards

Answer 61

Salamanders

Question 62

resemble giant earthworms. Most species burrow under the soil in tropical rainforests, but a few inhabit shallow freshwater ponds

Answer 62

caecilians

Question 63

traditionally referred only to snakes, lizards, crocodiles, and other amniotes with dry, scaly skin

Answer 63

Reptiles

Question 64

the only modern animals that have feathers

Answer 64

Birds(aves)

Question 65

by far the most familiar vertebrates, not only because we are them but also because we surround ourselves with them

Answer 65

Mammals

Question 66

structures that secrete milk in the female

Answer 66

mammary glands

Question 67

mammals that lay eggs. milk-secreting pores in the skin

Answer 67

monotremes

Question 68

give birth to tiny, immature young about 4-5 weeks after conception. The babies crawl from the mother’s vagina to a pouch, where they suckle milk and continue developing

Answer 68

Marsupials

Question 69

the young develop inside the female’s uterus, where a placenta connects the maternal and fetal circulatory systems

Answer 69

placental mammals

Question 70

swinging from one arm to another while the body dangles below

Answer 70

Brachiation

Question 71

the ability to walk upright on two legs

Answer 71

Bipedalism

Question 72

the oldest representative of the hominin lineage

Answer 72

Ardipithecus

Question 73

Australopithecus, meaning “Southern ape-man.”

Answer 73

Australopiths

Question 74

The name literally means “beside humans

Answer 74

Paranthropus

Question 75

considered humans, and fossils in this group are associated with stone tools. tend to have larger bodies and larger brains

Answer 75

Homo