Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution > Evolution Brooooo > Flashcards

Evolution Brooooo Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary biology
Evolution term and
Evolution
Or
Unit of evolution

A

Study of history of life form on earth
Herbert spencer , “ survival of fittest “
Evolving of living organisms
Change in flora and fauna present around us
Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Origin of universe (), popular hypothesis , given by
According to
Study of universe , origin of universe

A

20 bya , Big Bang theory (Abbé lemaitre )
Huge thermonuclear explosion occurred
Cosmology , cosmogany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Galaxy our , contains
Origin of solar system , hypothesis (given by), after ____ life originated
Origin of earth
Origin of life

A

Milky Way / Akash Ganga Stars , gases , clouds , dust
4.5 bya , nebular (Kant and leplace ) , 500
4.5 bya
4 bya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primitive atmosphere. Recent atmosphere

A

Reducing atmos(h2). : Oxidising (O2
Temp was very high Moderate temp
No ozone layer Present
Life originating. Life evolving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Theories of origin of life

A

Theory of special creation = father squrez
Cosmozoic / panspermia / spore theory = ritcher
Theory of catastrophism = Cuvier
Theory of eternity of life = preyar
Theory of abiogenesis, auto genesis , spontaneous generation
Theory of biogenesis
Naturalistic/ chemical / chemo geny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Theory of special creation =, main credit
3 main connotation

Opposed by

A

father squrez , supernatural power = god
The earth is about 4000 years old
All living organism that we see today were created
The diversity was always the same since creation and will be same in future
Charles Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cosmozoic theory// given by
According , unit
Theory of catastrophism given by
===

A

Panspermia, spore = by ritcher
Life came from outer space , spore
Cuvier
➡️Life origin ➡️ diversification/ evolution ➡️catastrophe/ destroy ➡️

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Theory of abiogenesis//
Given by ,,,,,
According to

A

Autogeneis , spontaneous generation
Thales , plato , Empedocles , aristotle , Vanholomont ( 21 days = mice )
Life came in earth from dead / decaying/ rotting matter spontaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Theory of biogenesis given
According , “””
Redi experiment
Splanzani experiment

A

Redi, splanzoni , Pasteur
Origin of life is from prexisting life , omnis vivum ex vivo
3 box (2 covered no life ) = flies , maggots , microbes appeared
Animal vegetable soup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pasteur experiment
Modern theory ///
proposed by 1
2

A

Pre sterilised Swan neck flask
Naturalistic theory , chemical theory , chemogeny
Oparin = russian scientist = origin of life
Haldane = born England 1957 odissa , India

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to modern theory
Essential for origin of life
Primitive condition on earth ,,,,
As eart cooled down

A

Origin of life upon earth from non living organic molecules ( rna , protein)
Sea water
High temperature, volcanic storms , lightning, reducing atmosphere containing ch4,nh3
Water vapour fell as rain to fill all the depression and form primitive oceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Modern theory chart

A

Atomic stage ( C,H,O!N!P)
⬇️
Molecular stage ( N2,H2,
⬇️
Formation of simple inorganic molecules (h2o , nh3
⬇️
Formation of simple organic molecules ( hcn, ch4 )( sim sugar , n2 base , amino acid
⬇️
Formation of complex organic molecules
⬇️
Life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Miller’s() ,experiment () con , name experiment
He took
He created
Formation of
Evidences from

A

American. Stimulation experiment ( 1953 ) , similar to primitive earth , Harold Urey and Stanley miller
Ch3 , nh3 , h2 (2:1:2) , water vapour at 800 degree celcius
Electric discharge by using two tungsten electrodes as source of energy
Alanine , aspartic acid , glycine
Meteorites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stellar distance measured in

A

Light years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biogeny a) origin of
b ) origin of ,=, first
C) origin of , first
d) origin of

A

Protobionts = coacervetes , microsphere
Eobiants = giant molecule (rna protein) , non cellular form of life (3/3.5 bya )
Prokaryotes = cellular form of life about 2000 million (2bya
Chemoheterotrophs = absorb nutrition from their surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Biogeny e)origin of
F) origin of =, what they did
G) origin of (year

A

Chemoautotrophs = synthesise organic food from inorganic substances
Photo autotroph = release oxygen in atmosphere (bga )
Origin of eukaryotes ( about 1.5 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Origin of protobionts =
A) ——- proposed by , composed
B) ——- proposed by , composed
What proposed by above scientists

A

Colloidal soln of complex organic molecules
Coacervetes = by oparin , carbohydrate + protein + water
Microsphere = by Sidney fox , carbohydrate + proteins + lipid
Protenoids = amino acid (heat 180c) = polypeptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Origin of eukaryotes theory

Geographical time scale sequence
Trick

A

Symbiotic theory
Margulis concept
Eons ! Era ! Periods , epoch
Camel often sit down carefully perhaps treat joint cracks
Put egg on my plate please honey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Era.

A

Cenozoic Quaternary
Tertiary
Mesozoic Creatacous
Jurassic
Triassic
Palaeozoic Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian

Pre Cambrian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Epoch

A

Quaternary = Holocene
Pleistocene
Tertiary. =. Pliocene
Miocene.
Oligocene
Eocene (horse
Palaeocene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Golden age of marine invertebrates
Golden age of jawless fishes
Of amphibians
Of fishes
Permian

A

Ordovician
Silurian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Synapsids appeared

22
Q

Triassic
Jurassic ,,,
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Quaternary

A

Origin of dinosaurs/ mammals
Golden age of dinosaurs, conifers , archaeopteryx appeared
Dinosaurs extinct
Early primates
Ice age , Angiospermae, birds , mammals

23
Q

Evolution of vertebrates

A

Early reptiles(ex) = 1)sauropsids = turtles , snake , lizards ,tuataras, thecodont(ex) = crocodile , dinosaurs(ex) , birds
2) Synapsids = pelycosaurs(ex) = therapsids ( placenta ) (ex) = mammals

24
Q

Evolution of plants

A

Chlorophyte ancestors = 1) Bryophytes
2) tracheophyte ancestors
a) zosterophyllum = arborescentlycopods,herbaceous Lycop
B) rhynia- type plant = psilophyton 1) Sphenopsid (horse Tail2) conifers 3) ferns 3) gnetals 4) ginkgos 5) polygymnosperms = seed ferns = cycads , dicot = mono , Angiospermae

25
Q

Cellular form
Non cellular
Invertebrate
Jawless fish

A

2 bya ( 2000 million
3 bya
500 mya
350 mya

26
Q

Sea weeds and sea plants
350 mya fish with
Missing link fish and Amphibia
Some of land reptiles were ofcourse

A

320 mya
Stout ( nostrils ), strong fins could move on land and go back to water
1938 , fish named coleacanth / lobe fins in South Africa
Biggest dinosaurs Tyrannosaurus rex (trex about 20 feet in height and had huge dagger fearsome like teeth

27
Q

Dinosaurs disappeared ,first mammals were like ( fossils
Why dinosaurs disappeared
Evidences of evolution

A

65 mya , shrew ( were small
Climatic change killed them ,Most of them evolved into birds, Meteorites collisions killed them
Comparative morphological and anatomical evidence
Palaentological
Embryological
Biogeography

28
Q

C.M&A evidences include
Homologous organ ,indicate
Eg

A

Homologous, analogous, vestigial, connecting link , atavism
Have common origin and structure but perform different functions , divergent evolution
Hi(homo) , Virat(vertebrate ) how( heart ) is bat( brain ) &
Ball( Bougainville ) for test(thorns ) cricket ( curcurbita ) today tendrils ( axillary bud
Let’s (limbs ) win(whale ) the match ( man ) by (bat) taking catch ( cheetah

29
Q

Homo other examples

Analogous organs
Indicates , doesn’t
Other examples

A

Mouth part of different insects (cockroach,honey bee, mosquitos
Testes in male and female
Which have different origin and structure but perform similar functions
Convergent evolution , common ancestory
Sting of bee and scorpion ( modification of maxillary pulp
Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates

30
Q

Analogous ex

A

All (Ana) people(penguin ) of Delhi(dolphin) & Faridabad ( flippers
Are sweet (sweet potato) and peaceful (potato
Who(wings ) give best(birds ) bread (butterfly &
Many ( mammals ) options (octopus ) of egg(eyes) dishes

31
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Vermiform appendix
Plica semilunaris ( nictitating membrane
Third molar teeth ( wisdom tooth
Segmented muscles of abdomen
Auricular muscle of ear pinnae
Tail bone ( coccyx bone
Mammary gland in male

32
Q

Connecting links
Euglena
B/w protozoans & Porifera
Peripatus
Neopalina
Balanglossus

A

B/w plants and animals
Proterospongia
B/w Annelida and Arthropoda
B/w Annelida and Mollusca
B/w non chordates & chordate s

33
Q

Lung fish
Duck billed platypus
Atavism
Eg

A

B/w fish and amphibians
B(w reptiles and mammals
Reappearance of ancestral characters
Reappearance of short tail in newly born baby
Greatly developed carine teeth
Presence of long dense hair in skin

34
Q

Palaeontology fossils =
Study , father , modern father
Types of rocks

A

Remains /impression of organism
Palaeontology , Leonardo da Vinci , Cuvier
Sedimentary ( most seen fossils) ,
Ignious rocks
Metamorphic rock

35
Q

Types of fossils
1). Eg ()
2). =
3)
4)
5)

A

Unaltered fossils = wooly mammoth ( 25000 years old
Petrified fossils = fossil of bone and teeth
Mould and cast , casts = mould + petrified fossil
Coprolite =foecal matter
Prints and impressions

36
Q

Age determination method

A

1Radioactive carbon dating techniques C14 = N14
2 uranium lead method
3 potassium argon method
4 esr ( electron spin resonance) = most accurate method

37
Q

Embryological evidence

A

Similarity in early embryonic stage
Resemblance among vertebrae = embryo
Similar larva
Progressive metamorphosis
Retrogressive metamorphosis
Appearance of non functional organ in embryonic stage
Recapitulation theory / biogenetic law

38
Q

Embryological evidences 1

2

3

A

Similarity in early embryonic stage/ early development
Zygote ( cleavage ) = morula = blastocyst = gastrula = 1 diploblastic = ecto,Endo 2 Triploblastic = ecto,meso,Endo
Resemblance among vertebrates () Embryo, embryo of fish , Amphibia , reptiles , aves , mammals similar during initial embryonic stage
Similar larvae Trophophore = Annelida , molluscs
Dipleura = Mollusca , echinoderm, Hemichordata

39
Q

Embryological evidences 4
5
6 eg

A

Progressive metamorphosis Larva of frog ( tadpole ) = adult - lung , buccal cavity , skin , =larva - gill
Retrogressive metamorphosis Urochordata = larva = notochord +nt , adult = notochord absent
Appearance of non Functional structure in embryonic stage = presence of tooth bud in birds ,
presence of body hairs in embryo of whale

40
Q

Recapitulation theory / biogenic law given by
Statement
Was disproved by
According to him

A

Ernst Haeckel ,
Ontogeny (embryonic development stage) recapitulate phylogeny (ancestral history
Van Baer
Generalised character appear first then specialised character appear

41
Q

Biogeographical evidence
P
_ realms

Holarctic

A

Distribution of plants and animals on earth
Panguea =huge single land mass
6 = palearctic. + o separated by Himalayan mountains
Oriental
Australian + e separated by Wallace line ( imaginary
Ethiopian
Nearctic
Neotropival
Palearctic + nearctic

42
Q

Evidence of biogeographical evidence
1 eg
2
3 definition
Eg

A

Distribution of closely related species = elephant , alligator- Asia , Africa 2 lung fish USA china
Restricted distribution egg laying mammals , pouched mammals = Australia
Adaptive radiation = the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other area of geography
Australian marsupial
Placental mammals
Darwin finches

43
Q

Adaptive convergence /
Eg

A

Convergent evolution = when more than one adoptive radiation appeare to have occurred in an isolated geographical area
Placental mammals Australian mammals
Mole Marsupial mole
Mouse Marsupial mouse
Wolf Tasmanian wolf
Lemur Spotted cuscus / tiger cat
Flying squirrel Flying phalanger ( sugar glider)
Anteater Numbat ( bandicoot
Bobcat Tansmanian tiger cat

44
Q

Theories of evolution

A

Lamarckism / theory of inheritance of acquired character
Darwinism / theory of natural selection
Hugo de vries mutation theory
Modern synthetic Theory

45
Q

Lamarckism /
Book , given by
Term biology was given by
Propositions

A

Theory of inheritance of acquired characters , first theory of evolution
Philosophic Zoologique (1809) , jean baptistae de Lamarck ( 1744-1829)
Lamarck and Treviranous
Inheritance vital force
Change in environmental and new needs
Use & disuse of organ
Inheritance of acquired character

46
Q

Example of Lamarckism

Criticism of Lamarckism

A

Evolution of long neck of giraffe , flightless birds , disappearance of limbs in snakes
Webbed toes of aquatic birds , loss of vision ability in cave dwellers
1) theory of continuity of germ plasm = August Weismann , Mice ( 22 generation
2) circumcision of penis
3 ) boring of ear pinna
4 ) wrestler powerful muscle

47
Q

Darwinism (year ) , given by, place
Zoology influenced by , botany , ship , island ( meaning , other name
Birds influenced by , name , given by

A

Charles Robert Darwin ( 1809-1882) , shrewary England
Robert Grant , Hensloue , H.M.S beagle ( 1831-1836) , Galápagos Islands ( 1835 ) living laboratory for evolution ( giant tortoise)
Birds , Darwin finches = dr David lack

48
Q

Darwin was influenced was 1
2
Darwins book

A

Thomas Malthus = book = an essay of population (1838)
Alfred Wallace ( 1858) Malay archipelago ( modern Indonesia = Bali )
Origin of species by means of natural selection = 1859

49
Q

Propositions of theory of natural selection 1
2
3 types

A

Rapid multiplication
Limited food and space
Struggle for existence = intra specific struggle ( struggle b/w same species more accurate
Interspecific struggle = struggle b/w different species
Environmental struggle = struggle b/w organism and environment

50
Q

Propositions of theory of natural selection 4
5
6
7

A

Variation
Natural selection / survival of fittest= Herbert spencer
Inheritance of useful variation
Formation of new species

51
Q

Examples in favour of theory of natural selection

A

Rapid multiplication
Limited food and space
Struggle for existence
Nectaries of flower and proboscis of insect
Mimicry and protection colouration

52
Q

Criticism of theory of natural selection

A

Arrival of fittest
Vestigial organ
Over specialisation of some organ in animals
Discontinuous variation

Evolution (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions