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Evolution Brooooo Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary biology
Evolution term and
Evolution
Or
Unit of evolution

A

Study of history of life form on earth
Herbert spencer , “ survival of fittest “
Evolving of living organisms
Change in flora and fauna present around us
Population

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2
Q

Origin of universe (), popular hypothesis , given by
According to
Study of universe , origin of universe

A

20 bya , Big Bang theory (Abbé lemaitre )
Huge thermonuclear explosion occurred
Cosmology , cosmogany

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3
Q

Galaxy our , contains
Origin of solar system , hypothesis (given by), after ____ life originated
Origin of earth
Origin of life

A

Milky Way / Akash Ganga Stars , gases , clouds , dust
4.5 bya , nebular (Kant and leplace ) , 500
4.5 bya
4 bya

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4
Q

Primitive atmosphere. Recent atmosphere

A

Reducing atmos(h2). : Oxidising (O2
Temp was very high Moderate temp
No ozone layer Present
Life originating. Life evolving

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5
Q

Theories of origin of life

A

Theory of special creation = father squrez
Cosmozoic / panspermia / spore theory = ritcher
Theory of catastrophism = Cuvier
Theory of eternity of life = preyar
Theory of abiogenesis, auto genesis , spontaneous generation
Theory of biogenesis
Naturalistic/ chemical / chemo geny

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6
Q

Theory of special creation =, main credit
3 main connotation

Opposed by

A

father squrez , supernatural power = god
The earth is about 4000 years old
All living organism that we see today were created
The diversity was always the same since creation and will be same in future
Charles Darwin

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7
Q

Cosmozoic theory// given by
According , unit
Theory of catastrophism given by
===

A

Panspermia, spore = by ritcher
Life came from outer space , spore
Cuvier
➡️Life origin ➡️ diversification/ evolution ➡️catastrophe/ destroy ➡️

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8
Q

Theory of abiogenesis//
Given by ,,,,,
According to

A

Autogeneis , spontaneous generation
Thales , plato , Empedocles , aristotle , Vanholomont ( 21 days = mice )
Life came in earth from dead / decaying/ rotting matter spontaneously

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9
Q

Theory of biogenesis given
According , “””
Redi experiment
Splanzani experiment

A

Redi, splanzoni , Pasteur
Origin of life is from prexisting life , omnis vivum ex vivo
3 box (2 covered no life ) = flies , maggots , microbes appeared
Animal vegetable soup

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10
Q

Pasteur experiment
Modern theory ///
proposed by 1
2

A

Pre sterilised Swan neck flask
Naturalistic theory , chemical theory , chemogeny
Oparin = russian scientist = origin of life
Haldane = born England 1957 odissa , India

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11
Q

According to modern theory
Essential for origin of life
Primitive condition on earth ,,,,
As eart cooled down

A

Origin of life upon earth from non living organic molecules ( rna , protein)
Sea water
High temperature, volcanic storms , lightning, reducing atmosphere containing ch4,nh3
Water vapour fell as rain to fill all the depression and form primitive oceans

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12
Q

Modern theory chart

A

Atomic stage ( C,H,O!N!P)
⬇️
Molecular stage ( N2,H2,
⬇️
Formation of simple inorganic molecules (h2o , nh3
⬇️
Formation of simple organic molecules ( hcn, ch4 )( sim sugar , n2 base , amino acid
⬇️
Formation of complex organic molecules
⬇️
Life

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13
Q

Miller’s() ,experiment () con , name experiment
He took
He created
Formation of
Evidences from

A

American. Stimulation experiment ( 1953 ) , similar to primitive earth , Harold Urey and Stanley miller
Ch3 , nh3 , h2 (2:1:2) , water vapour at 800 degree celcius
Electric discharge by using two tungsten electrodes as source of energy
Alanine , aspartic acid , glycine
Meteorites

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14
Q

Stellar distance measured in

A

Light years

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15
Q

Biogeny a) origin of
b ) origin of ,=, first
C) origin of , first
d) origin of

A

Protobionts = coacervetes , microsphere
Eobiants = giant molecule (rna protein) , non cellular form of life (3/3.5 bya )
Prokaryotes = cellular form of life about 2000 million (2bya
Chemoheterotrophs = absorb nutrition from their surroundings

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16
Q

Biogeny e)origin of
F) origin of =, what they did
G) origin of (year

A

Chemoautotrophs = synthesise organic food from inorganic substances
Photo autotroph = release oxygen in atmosphere (bga )
Origin of eukaryotes ( about 1.5 billion

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17
Q

Origin of protobionts =
A) ——- proposed by , composed
B) ——- proposed by , composed
What proposed by above scientists

A

Colloidal soln of complex organic molecules
Coacervetes = by oparin , carbohydrate + protein + water
Microsphere = by Sidney fox , carbohydrate + proteins + lipid
Protenoids = amino acid (heat 180c) = polypeptide chain

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18
Q

Origin of eukaryotes theory

Geographical time scale sequence
Trick

A

Symbiotic theory
Margulis concept
Eons ! Era ! Periods , epoch
Camel often sit down carefully perhaps treat joint cracks
Put egg on my plate please honey

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19
Q

Era.

A

Cenozoic Quaternary
Tertiary
Mesozoic Creatacous
Jurassic
Triassic
Palaeozoic Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian

Pre Cambrian

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20
Q

Epoch

A

Quaternary = Holocene
Pleistocene
Tertiary. =. Pliocene
Miocene.
Oligocene
Eocene (horse
Palaeocene

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21
Q

Golden age of marine invertebrates
Golden age of jawless fishes
Of amphibians
Of fishes
Permian

A

Ordovician
Silurian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Synapsids appeared

22
Q

Triassic
Jurassic ,,,
Cretaceous
Tertiary
Quaternary

A

Origin of dinosaurs/ mammals
Golden age of dinosaurs, conifers , archaeopteryx appeared
Dinosaurs extinct
Early primates
Ice age , Angiospermae, birds , mammals

23
Q

Evolution of vertebrates

A

Early reptiles(ex) = 1)sauropsids = turtles , snake , lizards ,tuataras, thecodont(ex) = crocodile , dinosaurs(ex) , birds
2) Synapsids = pelycosaurs(ex) = therapsids ( placenta ) (ex) = mammals

24
Q

Evolution of plants

A

Chlorophyte ancestors = 1) Bryophytes
2) tracheophyte ancestors
a) zosterophyllum = arborescentlycopods,herbaceous Lycop
B) rhynia- type plant = psilophyton 1) Sphenopsid (horse Tail2) conifers 3) ferns 3) gnetals 4) ginkgos 5) polygymnosperms = seed ferns = cycads , dicot = mono , Angiospermae

25
Cellular form Non cellular Invertebrate Jawless fish
2 bya ( 2000 million 3 bya 500 mya 350 mya
26
Sea weeds and sea plants 350 mya fish with Missing link fish and Amphibia Some of land reptiles were ofcourse
320 mya Stout ( nostrils ), strong fins could move on land and go back to water 1938 , fish named coleacanth / lobe fins in South Africa Biggest dinosaurs Tyrannosaurus rex (trex about 20 feet in height and had huge dagger fearsome like teeth
27
Dinosaurs disappeared ,first mammals were like ( fossils Why dinosaurs disappeared Evidences of evolution
65 mya , shrew ( were small Climatic change killed them ,Most of them evolved into birds, Meteorites collisions killed them Comparative morphological and anatomical evidence Palaentological Embryological Biogeography
28
C.M&A evidences include Homologous organ ,indicate Eg
Homologous, analogous, vestigial, connecting link , atavism Have common origin and structure but perform different functions , divergent evolution Hi(homo) , Virat(vertebrate ) how( heart ) is bat( brain ) & Ball( Bougainville ) for test(thorns ) cricket ( curcurbita ) today tendrils ( axillary bud Let’s (limbs ) win(whale ) the match ( man ) by (bat) taking catch ( cheetah
29
Homo other examples Analogous organs Indicates , doesn’t Other examples
Mouth part of different insects (cockroach,honey bee, mosquitos Testes in male and female Which have different origin and structure but perform similar functions Convergent evolution , common ancestory Sting of bee and scorpion ( modification of maxillary pulp Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
30
Analogous ex
All (Ana) people(penguin ) of Delhi(dolphin) & Faridabad ( flippers Are sweet (sweet potato) and peaceful (potato Who(wings ) give best(birds ) bread (butterfly & Many ( mammals ) options (octopus ) of egg(eyes) dishes
31
Vestigial organs
Vermiform appendix Plica semilunaris ( nictitating membrane Third molar teeth ( wisdom tooth Segmented muscles of abdomen Auricular muscle of ear pinnae Tail bone ( coccyx bone Mammary gland in male
32
Connecting links Euglena B/w protozoans & Porifera Peripatus Neopalina Balanglossus
B/w plants and animals Proterospongia B/w Annelida and Arthropoda B/w Annelida and Mollusca B/w non chordates & chordate s
33
Lung fish Duck billed platypus Atavism Eg
B/w fish and amphibians B(w reptiles and mammals Reappearance of ancestral characters Reappearance of short tail in newly born baby Greatly developed carine teeth Presence of long dense hair in skin
34
Palaeontology fossils = Study , father , modern father Types of rocks
Remains /impression of organism Palaeontology , Leonardo da Vinci , Cuvier Sedimentary ( most seen fossils) , Ignious rocks Metamorphic rock
35
Types of fossils 1). Eg () 2). = 3) 4) 5)
Unaltered fossils = wooly mammoth ( 25000 years old Petrified fossils = fossil of bone and teeth Mould and cast , casts = mould + petrified fossil Coprolite =foecal matter Prints and impressions
36
Age determination method
1Radioactive carbon dating techniques C14 = N14 2 uranium lead method 3 potassium argon method 4 esr ( electron spin resonance) = most accurate method
37
Embryological evidence
Similarity in early embryonic stage Resemblance among vertebrae = embryo Similar larva Progressive metamorphosis Retrogressive metamorphosis Appearance of non functional organ in embryonic stage Recapitulation theory / biogenetic law
38
Embryological evidences 1 2 3
Similarity in early embryonic stage/ early development Zygote ( cleavage ) = morula = blastocyst = gastrula = 1 diploblastic = ecto,Endo 2 Triploblastic = ecto,meso,Endo Resemblance among vertebrates () Embryo, embryo of fish , Amphibia , reptiles , aves , mammals similar during initial embryonic stage Similar larvae Trophophore = Annelida , molluscs Dipleura = Mollusca , echinoderm, Hemichordata
39
Embryological evidences 4 5 6 eg
Progressive metamorphosis Larva of frog ( tadpole ) = adult - lung , buccal cavity , skin , =larva - gill Retrogressive metamorphosis Urochordata = larva = notochord +nt , adult = notochord absent Appearance of non Functional structure in embryonic stage = presence of tooth bud in birds , presence of body hairs in embryo of whale
40
Recapitulation theory / biogenic law given by Statement Was disproved by According to him
Ernst Haeckel , Ontogeny (embryonic development stage) recapitulate phylogeny (ancestral history Van Baer Generalised character appear first then specialised character appear
41
Biogeographical evidence P _ realms Holarctic
Distribution of plants and animals on earth Panguea =huge single land mass 6 = palearctic. + o separated by Himalayan mountains Oriental Australian + e separated by Wallace line ( imaginary Ethiopian Nearctic Neotropival Palearctic + nearctic
42
Evidence of biogeographical evidence 1 eg 2 3 definition Eg
Distribution of closely related species = elephant , alligator- Asia , Africa 2 lung fish USA china Restricted distribution egg laying mammals , pouched mammals = Australia Adaptive radiation = the process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other area of geography Australian marsupial Placental mammals Darwin finches
43
Adaptive convergence / Eg
Convergent evolution = when more than one adoptive radiation appeare to have occurred in an isolated geographical area Placental mammals Australian mammals Mole Marsupial mole Mouse Marsupial mouse Wolf Tasmanian wolf Lemur Spotted cuscus / tiger cat Flying squirrel Flying phalanger ( sugar glider) Anteater Numbat ( bandicoot Bobcat Tansmanian tiger cat
44
Theories of evolution
Lamarckism / theory of inheritance of acquired character Darwinism / theory of natural selection Hugo de vries mutation theory Modern synthetic Theory
45
Lamarckism / Book , given by Term biology was given by Propositions
Theory of inheritance of acquired characters , first theory of evolution Philosophic Zoologique (1809) , jean baptistae de Lamarck ( 1744-1829) Lamarck and Treviranous Inheritance vital force Change in environmental and new needs Use & disuse of organ Inheritance of acquired character
46
Example of Lamarckism Criticism of Lamarckism
Evolution of long neck of giraffe , flightless birds , disappearance of limbs in snakes Webbed toes of aquatic birds , loss of vision ability in cave dwellers 1) theory of continuity of germ plasm = August Weismann , Mice ( 22 generation 2) circumcision of penis 3 ) boring of ear pinna 4 ) wrestler powerful muscle
47
Darwinism (year ) , given by, place Zoology influenced by , botany , ship , island ( meaning , other name Birds influenced by , name , given by
Charles Robert Darwin ( 1809-1882) , shrewary England Robert Grant , Hensloue , H.M.S beagle ( 1831-1836) , Galápagos Islands ( 1835 ) living laboratory for evolution ( giant tortoise) Birds , Darwin finches = dr David lack
48
Darwin was influenced was 1 2 Darwins book
Thomas Malthus = book = an essay of population (1838) Alfred Wallace ( 1858) Malay archipelago ( modern Indonesia = Bali ) Origin of species by means of natural selection = 1859
49
Propositions of theory of natural selection 1 2 3 types
Rapid multiplication Limited food and space Struggle for existence = intra specific struggle ( struggle b/w same species more accurate Interspecific struggle = struggle b/w different species Environmental struggle = struggle b/w organism and environment
50
Propositions of theory of natural selection 4 5 6 7
Variation Natural selection / survival of fittest= Herbert spencer Inheritance of useful variation Formation of new species
51
Examples in favour of theory of natural selection
Rapid multiplication Limited food and space Struggle for existence Nectaries of flower and proboscis of insect Mimicry and protection colouration
52
Criticism of theory of natural selection
Arrival of fittest Vestigial organ Over specialisation of some organ in animals Discontinuous variation

Evolution (2 decks)

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