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Semester 1 2021 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Homology

A

similarity due to shared ancestor

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2
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a shared derived characteristic

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3
Q

Biomarkers

A

Distinctive markers only produced by biological activity

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4
Q

Homoplasy

A

A similarity that occurs not due to a common ancestor

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5
Q

Evolution reversal

A

A reversion back to an ancestral character state, example of homoplasy

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6
Q

Principle of Maximum Parsimony

A

The alternative phylogenetic tree that requires the least evolutionary step changes is most likely the correct one

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7
Q

Polytomy

A

When multiple trees have the same amount of steps the relationships are uncertain so you must have multiple species coming off a common ancestor with no further specificity

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8
Q

What’s the difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic

A
  • An ancestor and all descendants
  • An ancestor and some descendants
  • Multiple ancestral origins
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9
Q

Clade

A

An ancestor and all its descendants

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10
Q

Node

A

On phylogenetic tree it is where the ancestor is

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11
Q

Exaptation

A

NatSel co-opts a trait for a new function. e.g shell not for protection in turtles but to anchor arms for digging

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12
Q

Additive Allele

A

Yields twice the phenotypic effect when two copies are present compared to when one is present

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13
Q

Mutational Meltdown

A

In smaller populations deleterious alleles have same likelihood to become fixated, results in less fit population which results in a smaller population which furthers the cycle

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14
Q

Polygenic trait

A

Influenced by many loci

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15
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

Study of inheritance of traits with continuous selection

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16
Q

Heritability

A

fraction of phenotypes between individuals that is caused by genetic differences

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17
Q

Distinguish between Directional, Stabilising and Disruptive Selection

A
  • One extreme has highest fitness
  • Intermediate has highest fitness
  • Both extremes have higher fitness
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18
Q

Selection Differential

A

Measures difference in phenotype between pre and post-selection phenotype means

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19
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

1 genotype can create different phenotypes based on environment

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20
Q

Reaction Normal

A

Describes how phenotype of given individual/genotype varies with environment

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21
Q

Phenotypic Shifts

A

Species change timing to match environment. e.g timing/duration of breeding in birds

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22
Q

Gradualism

A

Evolutionary change is gradual, slowly without speciation

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23
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Evolutionary change is rapid, linked with speciation, ancestor diverges, 1 dies out, long periods of stasis

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24
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Evolution from ancestor into multitude of forms e.g. Darwin’s finches

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25
Coalescence
The process by which genealogy of any pair of homologous alleles merges into common ancestor e.g. 3 generations until coalescence
26
Incomplete Lineage Sorting
Gene trees may not match species trees
27
What 2 processes coincide with incomplete lineage sorting?
- Coalescence time is long | - Rapid divergence
28
Synonymous mutation
Do not alter amino acid sequence
29
Non-synonymous mutation
Alter amino acid sequence, more likely to be subject to selection
30
Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution
Most evolution is neutral not changing phenotype. Genetic drift rather than NatSel
31
Purifying Selection
Removes deleterious mutations, also called negative selection
32
Positive Selection
Advantageous variants are produced and favoured
33
Orthologue
Genes evolved from ancestor by speciation
34
Paralogue
Genes related by duplication within genome
35
Pleiotrophy
One gene affects many traits
36
Antagonistic pleiotrophy
May provide one advantage but simultaneously provide many disadvantages
37
Neofunctionalism
When duplication leads to the duplicate gene serving a new function
38
Isogamy
Roughly same sized gametes, no males/females
39
Anisogamy
Different sized gametes e.g. human sperm
40
Cost of Males (Two fold cost)
Asexual reproduction- all offspring reproduce | Sexual reproduction- only females reproduce
41
Inter-locus sexual conflict
A type of sexual conflict that occurs when one sex expresses a phenotypic trait that benefits the individual carrying the trait, but reduces the fitness of opposite-sex individuals (e.g. infanticide by male lions)
42
Intra-locus sexual conflict
A type of sexual conflict that involves a single locus that affects the phenotype in both sexes, and for which selection acting on males favours different alleles to selection acting on females. For example, in some species males and females have a different optimal body size, so alleles that induce larger body size will be advantageous in one sex and harmful in the other. This process hinders each sex from reaching its selectively optimal phenotype, because individuals inherit alleles that have been exposed to selection in their opposite-sex ancestors.
43
Muller's Ratchet
Asexual populations are stuck with mutations, sexual populations can lose them to genetic drift
44
Red Queen Hypothesis
Sex allows slightly different offspring while asexual produces identical offspring
45
Polyandry
Multiple mating by females, advantageous to them disadvantageous to males
46
Difference between biological, general lineage and phylogenetic species
- interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups - metapopulations that exchange alleles frequently enough to comprise the same gene pool - smallest possible group descending from common ancestor and recognisable by unique, derived traits
47
Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities
Arise from genetic interactions at two or more loci
48
Reinforcement
NatSel favours prezygotic isolation mechanisms that lowe frequency of hybrids
49
Peripatric Speciation
Smaller divided populations
50
Ecological Speciation
Selection for different ecological traits, creates reproductive barriers
51
Cryptic Species
Species with not many distinguishable morphological traits
52
Positive assortative mating
Similar traited individuals are more likely to breed with each other
53
Microevolution
Concerns alleles in species
54
Macroevolution
Grand scale, across vast periods, above species
55
Key evolutionary innovation
Traits that lead to increased diversification or increased niche width
56
Phylogenetic signal
Traits are more similar in closely related species
57
Distinguish between antagonism, commensalism, and mutualism
- One benefits, one worsens - One benefits, one receives no effects - Both benefit
58
Pedigree Relatedness
Genetic similarity between 2 organisms relative to average relatedness between two random indviduals
59
Regression Relatedness
Genetic simulations of 2 individuals relative to expectation of random pair
60
Hamilton's Rule
An allele that causes behaviour that increases fitness of actor or others carrying the same allele should be favoured
61
Thrifty genotype
Genotype advantageous in past is now detrimental due to calorie-rich food e.g. Aboriginals
62
Thrifty phenotype
Nutrient poor fetal environment can alter lifetime physiology
63
Thrifty epigenotype
Epigenetic mechanisms couple fetal nutrition with particular physiology
64
Spatial sorting
E.g. faster cane toads will travel further and mate with other high fitness toads

Semester 1 2021 (3 decks)

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