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Semester 1 2021 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Homology

A

similarity due to shared ancestor

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2
Q

Synapomorphy

A

a shared derived characteristic

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3
Q

Biomarkers

A

Distinctive markers only produced by biological activity

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4
Q

Homoplasy

A

A similarity that occurs not due to a common ancestor

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5
Q

Evolution reversal

A

A reversion back to an ancestral character state, example of homoplasy

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6
Q

Principle of Maximum Parsimony

A

The alternative phylogenetic tree that requires the least evolutionary step changes is most likely the correct one

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7
Q

Polytomy

A

When multiple trees have the same amount of steps the relationships are uncertain so you must have multiple species coming off a common ancestor with no further specificity

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8
Q

What’s the difference between monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic

A
  • An ancestor and all descendants
  • An ancestor and some descendants
  • Multiple ancestral origins
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9
Q

Clade

A

An ancestor and all its descendants

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10
Q

Node

A

On phylogenetic tree it is where the ancestor is

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11
Q

Exaptation

A

NatSel co-opts a trait for a new function. e.g shell not for protection in turtles but to anchor arms for digging

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12
Q

Additive Allele

A

Yields twice the phenotypic effect when two copies are present compared to when one is present

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13
Q

Mutational Meltdown

A

In smaller populations deleterious alleles have same likelihood to become fixated, results in less fit population which results in a smaller population which furthers the cycle

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14
Q

Polygenic trait

A

Influenced by many loci

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15
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

Study of inheritance of traits with continuous selection

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16
Q

Heritability

A

fraction of phenotypes between individuals that is caused by genetic differences

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17
Q

Distinguish between Directional, Stabilising and Disruptive Selection

A
  • One extreme has highest fitness
  • Intermediate has highest fitness
  • Both extremes have higher fitness
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18
Q

Selection Differential

A

Measures difference in phenotype between pre and post-selection phenotype means

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19
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

1 genotype can create different phenotypes based on environment

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20
Q

Reaction Normal

A

Describes how phenotype of given individual/genotype varies with environment

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21
Q

Phenotypic Shifts

A

Species change timing to match environment. e.g timing/duration of breeding in birds

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22
Q

Gradualism

A

Evolutionary change is gradual, slowly without speciation

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23
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Evolutionary change is rapid, linked with speciation, ancestor diverges, 1 dies out, long periods of stasis

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24
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Evolution from ancestor into multitude of forms e.g. Darwin’s finches

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25
Q

Coalescence

A

The process by which genealogy of any pair of homologous alleles merges into common ancestor e.g. 3 generations until coalescence

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26
Q

Incomplete Lineage Sorting

A

Gene trees may not match species trees

27
Q

What 2 processes coincide with incomplete lineage sorting?

A
  • Coalescence time is long

- Rapid divergence

28
Q

Synonymous mutation

A

Do not alter amino acid sequence

29
Q

Non-synonymous mutation

A

Alter amino acid sequence, more likely to be subject to selection

30
Q

Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

A

Most evolution is neutral not changing phenotype. Genetic drift rather than NatSel

31
Q

Purifying Selection

A

Removes deleterious mutations, also called negative selection

32
Q

Positive Selection

A

Advantageous variants are produced and favoured

33
Q

Orthologue

A

Genes evolved from ancestor by speciation

34
Q

Paralogue

A

Genes related by duplication within genome

35
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

One gene affects many traits

36
Q

Antagonistic pleiotrophy

A

May provide one advantage but simultaneously provide many disadvantages

37
Q

Neofunctionalism

A

When duplication leads to the duplicate gene serving a new function

38
Q

Isogamy

A

Roughly same sized gametes, no males/females

39
Q

Anisogamy

A

Different sized gametes e.g. human sperm

40
Q

Cost of Males (Two fold cost)

A

Asexual reproduction- all offspring reproduce

Sexual reproduction- only females reproduce

41
Q

Inter-locus sexual conflict

A

A type of sexual conflict that occurs when one sex expresses a phenotypic trait that benefits the individual carrying the trait, but reduces the fitness of opposite-sex individuals (e.g. infanticide by male lions)

42
Q

Intra-locus sexual conflict

A

A type of sexual conflict that involves a single locus that affects the phenotype in both sexes, and for which selection acting on males favours different alleles to selection acting on females.
For example, in some species males and females have a different optimal body size, so alleles that induce larger body size will be advantageous in one sex and harmful in the other. This process hinders each sex from reaching its selectively optimal phenotype, because individuals inherit alleles that have been exposed to selection in their opposite-sex ancestors.

43
Q

Muller’s Ratchet

A

Asexual populations are stuck with mutations, sexual populations can lose them to genetic drift

44
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

Sex allows slightly different offspring while asexual produces identical offspring

45
Q

Polyandry

A

Multiple mating by females, advantageous to them disadvantageous to males

46
Q

Difference between biological, general lineage and phylogenetic species

A
  • interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups
  • metapopulations that exchange alleles frequently enough to comprise the same gene pool
  • smallest possible group descending from common ancestor and recognisable by unique, derived traits
47
Q

Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities

A

Arise from genetic interactions at two or more loci

48
Q

Reinforcement

A

NatSel favours prezygotic isolation mechanisms that lowe frequency of hybrids

49
Q

Peripatric Speciation

A

Smaller divided populations

50
Q

Ecological Speciation

A

Selection for different ecological traits, creates reproductive barriers

51
Q

Cryptic Species

A

Species with not many distinguishable morphological traits

52
Q

Positive assortative mating

A

Similar traited individuals are more likely to breed with each other

53
Q

Microevolution

A

Concerns alleles in species

54
Q

Macroevolution

A

Grand scale, across vast periods, above species

55
Q

Key evolutionary innovation

A

Traits that lead to increased diversification or increased niche width

56
Q

Phylogenetic signal

A

Traits are more similar in closely related species

57
Q

Distinguish between antagonism, commensalism, and mutualism

A
  • One benefits, one worsens
  • One benefits, one receives no effects
  • Both benefit
58
Q

Pedigree Relatedness

A

Genetic similarity between 2 organisms relative to average relatedness between two random indviduals

59
Q

Regression Relatedness

A

Genetic simulations of 2 individuals relative to expectation of random pair

60
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

An allele that causes behaviour that increases fitness of actor or others carrying the same allele should be favoured

61
Q

Thrifty genotype

A

Genotype advantageous in past is now detrimental due to calorie-rich food e.g. Aboriginals

62
Q

Thrifty phenotype

A

Nutrient poor fetal environment can alter lifetime physiology

63
Q

Thrifty epigenotype

A

Epigenetic mechanisms couple fetal nutrition with particular physiology

64
Q

Spatial sorting

A

E.g. faster cane toads will travel further and mate with other high fitness toads

Semester 1 2021 (3 decks)

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