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IB NOS > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Why have changes occurred to life on Earth?

A

As a result of natural processes.

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2
Q

What is the origin of life?

A

The origin of life on Earth is still unknown.

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3
Q

What does evidence support?

A

Evidence supports the presence of organic
molecules in space, based on examination of
comets/meteorites.

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4
Q

What suggests a possible location for the origin of single-celled organisms?

A

Observations of primitive life forms near volcanoes

and deep ocean hydrothermal vents

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5
Q

What did scientists discover about Earth’s early atmosphere?

A

there was no oxygen in the early Earth’s atmosphere by studying rocks

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6
Q

What is the source of oxygen?

A

cyanobacteria

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7
Q

How did scientists identify the source of oxygen; cyanobacteria?

A

Analysis and understanding of photosynthesis
helped identify cyanobacteria as the source of
oxygen.

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8
Q

What is a unifying hypothesis in the life sciences?

A

connection between these primitive prokaryotic
cells and all of the diverse forms of life that
followed.

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9
Q

Who developed a theory about evolution?

A

Darwin. A similar theory was also independently

developed by Alfred Wallace.

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10
Q

What did Darwin successfully do?

A

connected previously unrelated ideas into a coherent view of life

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11
Q

What does Darwin’s theory suggest?

A

The theory explains how increased reproductive success of individuals with favourable heritable characteristics can lead to change in the genetic composition of a population.

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12
Q

What is Darwin’s theory based on?

A

inferences based on observations.

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13
Q

How is evolution measured?

A

Although natural selection involves interactions
between organisms and their environment evolution is
measured by the changes in populations.

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14
Q

Why study natural selection?

A

increase understanding of the relationship between selective environmental pressures and survival of different organisms.

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15
Q

What was Darwin’s evidence based on?

A

geographical distribution of species and the fossil

record

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16
Q

What has led to new interpretations of the fossil record and a more complete picture of early animal evolution?

A

Continuing research and the development of

improved technologies

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17
Q

Does artificial selection occur to natural ecosystems?

A

No

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18
Q

What does artificial selection provide evidence for in terms of ecosystems?

A

species can change over time with selective

breeding

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19
Q

How does modern molecular biology support evolution?

A

by comparing the DNA and proteins of current and

ancestral species.

20
Q

Why is there uncertainty about the ancestry of humans?

A

partly to incomplete fossil record and

misinterpretation of existing remains

21
Q

What established a bipedal ape and when?

A

Radioactive dating has established the existence of

a bipedal ape in Africa 4.4 million years ago

22
Q

What contributes to natural selection?

A

Development of tool making, hunting skills and

language

23
Q

Where is the original source of human migration?

A

Rift valley of Central Africa.

24
Q

What is the evidence for where the original source of human migration comes from?

A

evidence from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and

Y chromosome

25
Q

What led to the reclassification of Neanderthal man as Homo sapiens neanderthalensis?

A

A newly mapped Neanderthal genome provided
evidence of some interbreeding between modern
man and Neanderthal man

26
Q

How have modern humans have demonstrated rapid cultural evolution?

A

minimal biological evolution.

27
Q

What are genes?

A

special sequences of A, T, G and C’s in DNA that encode for proteins. Each gene is unique whose protein does a unique job

28
Q

What is in the cell nucleus? (Think of a library)

A

Cell nucleus - library
Chromosomes - books (often come in pairs)
Genes - sentences (are found in chromosomes)
DNA - letters

29
Q

Why is there variation in living organisms?

A

due to variation in the sequence of A, T, G and C’s in the genes inherited from the parents

30
Q

Why is a mutation in a gene called?

A

alleles

31
Q

When do mutations occur?

A

Inherited from parents or when the DNA is replicated before a cell divides into two

32
Q

What are two types of mutagen?

A
  • ionising radiation (ultraviolet light, gamma rays)

- chemicals (found in cigarette smoke, burnt food)

33
Q

How are mutations corrected?

A

By DNA repair enzymes

34
Q

What is the basis of natural selection?

A
  • environment is changing
  • variation can influence whether organisms are reproductively successful in certain environments
  • if successful, the organisms pass on their genes to the next generation
  • that particular variety will be more prominent in the population
35
Q

What is the result of natural selection?

A

change the variation in an organism’s genome that it becomes a new species

36
Q

What does artificial selection prove?

A

species can change over time with selective breeding

37
Q

What is geographical isolation?

A

areas can become geographically isolated (earthquakes, ice ages, continental drift, water levels rising) resulting in individuals within the same species being unable to interbreed

38
Q

What is homologous anatomy?

A

underlying organisational similarities in species anatomy

39
Q

Why were Darwin’s ideas criticised at first?

A
  • went against accepted, prevalent views
  • difficult to prove with time spans involved
  • fossil record was incomplete to support darwin’s ideas
40
Q

What are the problems with homologus anatomy?

A

some unrelated species have similar structures (bats and birds). These are called analogous structures and are an example of convergent evolution

41
Q

What is a clade?

A

grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living or extinct) of that ancestor

42
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

a relationship between two organisms where one lives inside the cell

43
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

organelles found in cells, thought to have originated from bacteria living endosymbiotically in cells

44
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

Aerobic respiration

45
Q

Where does the spine attach to the skull on bipedal apes?

A

In the centre of the head

46
Q

When and how was the first human like ancestor

A

Radio-dating fossils, 4.4 million years ago

IB NOS (11 decks)

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