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Patterns Predictions Powers > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

0
Q

Natural selection

A

The process where organisms better suited and adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more offspring, passing on traits
Four feature living systems

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1
Q

Evolution:

A

The gradual orderly change in the events of the universe, including living and non living things. It means ‘unfolding’ or ‘unrolling’

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2
Q

What are the evidence for evolution x6

A
  • fossil record
  • bio geographical
  • comparative embryology
  • molecular/ bio chemical
  • observable evolution
  • comparative anatomy
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3
Q

Coprolite:

A

Fossilised feces

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4
Q

What does coprolite tell us?

A
  • diet
  • size of animal
  • environment
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5
Q

Vestigial organs:

A

An organ or part of anatomy that was once useful in the past but has lost its original function over time

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6
Q

Natural selection question

A
  • population at start
  • what happens to one population
  • variation
  • what happened to other population
  • survived, reproduced and traits were passed on to offspring
  • specific species increased
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7
Q

Foramem Magnum:

A

The hole in the base/rear of skull through which the spinal cord passes

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8
Q

Brow ridge:

A

Bony ridge located above the eyes

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9
Q

Palaeontology:

A

Scientific study of prehistoric life. It studies fossil organisms and related remains

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10
Q

Cranium:

A

Part of skull that encloses the brain

AKA brain case

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11
Q

Artificial selection:

A

It is intensional breeding for certain traits

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12
Q

Biogeography:

A

Uses present day geographic distribution of an organism and the fossil record to show the distribution of a species in the past, compared with its distribution today

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13
Q

Bipedal:

A

Locomotion using two legs for walking

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14
Q

Genus:

A

A group marked by common characteristics

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15
Q

What are selective pressures?

A
  • biotic factors

- abiotic factors

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16
Q

Biotic factors:

A
  • predators
  • disease
  • competitors
  • prey
  • mating partners
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17
Q

Comparative embryology

A

Shows that some organisms have a common origin based on similarities in embryonic form

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18
Q

Burial of sediments means

A

No disturbance/ scavengers/ wind/ water

Reduces available oxygen that would usually decay organisms

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19
Q

Embryology

A

Study of embryos and their development

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20
Q

Molecular biology

A

Genetic similarities

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21
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Looks at similar (homologous) structures present in organisms suggesting common ancestor.

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22
Q

Abiotic factors:

A
  • temperature
  • shelter
  • sunlight
  • water
  • nutrients
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23
Q

Who proposed the theory of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

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24
Q

Where are most fossils found?

A

In rock layers which were originally formed under water

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25
Q

What are 4 basic characteristics that result in natural selection?

A
  • variation
  • inheritance
  • selection
  • time
26
Q

DNA hybridisation

A

Similarity of genetic material between different species, illustrating evolutionary relationship between species

27
Q

What are the 3 stages of human evolution?

A
  • big brain theory 1470
  • Lucy walked on two legs
  • flat face man
28
Q

Pre requisites for a successful fossilisation to occur

A
  • rapid burial
  • hard parts
  • must not be disturbed
29
Q

Fossil:

A

Preserved remains of dead organisms

30
Q

Different types of fossils

A
  • mummified
  • body
  • trace (coprolite)
  • Impression (casts, molds and carbon prints)
  • petrification
  • amber
  • ice
31
Q

Transition fossils:

A

Intermediate

32
Q

What can fossils tell us about past?

A
  • ancient disasters e.g. Volcanic eruptions
  • habitat and condition organism lived in
  • teeth can tell us diet
  • bones can tell us how it moved
33
Q

Observed evolutionary change

A

Antibiotics

Pesticide resistance

34
Q

Where does variation come from?

A

Variation comes from a mutation which is a random change in a gene

35
Q

What advantage is there in having both eyes facing towards the front?

A
  • great judgement of distance

- x ray perception of depth

36
Q

What disadvantage is there in having both eyes facing towards the front?

A

-lack panoramic vision more likely to being attacked

37
Q

Ways that palaeontologist work out the age of fossils

A
  • relative age based on stratigraphy
  • indicator fossils
  • use of radioisotopes
38
Q

How might a biologist determine if a fossil skull came from a young animal or an adult?

A
  • cranium size

- teeth or lack of teeth (wisdom teeth)

39
Q

Lamarks theory:

A

Useful changes which occur in an organism during its lifetime will be inherited by its offspring

40
Q

Neanderthal:

A

An extinct sub species of homo sapiens

Existed in Europe 600 000 to 350 000 years ago

41
Q

Evidence of interbreeding between Neanderthals and early modern humans

A
  • fossil evidence

- DNA evidence (1 to 4 percent of humans genetics made up of Neanderthals)

42
Q

Relative dating

A

Placement in the strata (layers of the earth) of the planet

Using rock layers (stratigraphic correlation)

43
Q

Neanderthal tools

A
  • cutting tools
  • spear points
  • hand axes
44
Q

Why did Neanderthals have large noses?

A
  • to keep them warm

- adapted to cold winter

45
Q

Adaption

A

Structure of bodily processor behaviour of an organism that makes it better suited to its environment. E.g. Ducks have weeded feet that propel them through water

46
Q

Last Neanderthals lived in….

A

Europe and parts of western and Central Asia

47
Q

Era
Period
Epoch

A

Cenozoic
Quaternary
Holocene

48
Q

Two types of molecules that are used to determine the degree of relatedness between different species

A
  • DNA and protein

- amino acids

49
Q

Three ways fire was important to early humans

A
  • cooking
  • light
  • warmth
  • craft tools
50
Q

Transition fossils:

A
  • intermediate
  • support evolutionary progression
  • eg. Archaeopteryx
51
Q

Homologous structures:

A
  • suggest common ancestor and evolutionary relationship
  • similar bone structure, different function
  • divergent
  • bats, horse, human
52
Q

Analogous structure:

A
  • look similar same function, different structure

- convergent/ parallel

53
Q

Parallel evolution:

A
  • related species evolve similar features independently

- eg. Eucalypts

54
Q

Human skulls x8

A
  • V shaped
  • large brain case (1200cc)
  • foramen magnum located at base
  • no Sagittal crest or brow ridge
  • flat face
  • high forehead
  • prominent lower chin
  • snout doesn’t protrude
60
Q

Gorilla skulls x8

A 
U shaded 
Smaller brain case (400cc)
Foramen magnum located at rear
Sagittal crest and bony ridge
Face sticks out
Slopping forehead
Receding chin
Snout protrudes
64
Q

The first human like creatures to walk upright are called

A

Australithecus

66
Q

The hominid Lucy was a member of what group

A

A.afarensis

68
Q

What is not part of Darwin’s theory

A

Traits acquired during an individuals life are passed on to its offspring
Relative dating

71
Q

Australopithecus

A

An extinct genes of small brained, large toothed, bipedal hominids that lived in Africa between one and four Million years ago

72
Q

Pentadactyl

A

Having five digits on each hand or foot

74
Q

Paranthropus

A

A genus of extinct hominids also known as Robust Australopithecus. Bipedal hominids that descended from aumtralithecus but left no descendants

77
Q

Homo

A

Genus of great ape that includes modern humans and species closely related to them

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