Evolution

Question 1

Biology

Answer 1

scientific study of life

Question 2

cells

Answer 2

the structural and functional units of life

Question 3

processes of life

Answer 3

order
reproduction
response to the environment
regulation
growth and development
energy processing
evolutionary adaptation

Question 4

3 life domains

Answer 4

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 5

Taxonomy

Answer 5

the branch of biology that names and classifies species

Question 6

3 kingdoms of Eukarya

Answer 6

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

Question 7

plasma membrane

Answer 7

a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings

Question 8

phospholipid molecules

Answer 8

make up plasma membrane

Question 9

prokaryotic cell

Answer 9

cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 10

eukaryotic cell

Answer 10

cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus

Eukarya

Question 11

cytosol

Answer 11

thick jelly-like fluid inside cells, in which cellular components are suspended

Question 12

ribosomes

Answer 12

tiny structures that make proteins using instructions from genes

Question 13

cytoplasm

Answer 13

inside of the cell

Question 14

flagella

Answer 14

long projections that propel a cell through liquid

Question 15

organelles

Answer 15

little organs

Question 16

cellular metabolism

Answer 16

collection of chemical activities inside a cell

Question 17

2 organelles found in animals and not plants

Answer 17

lysosomes

centrosomes

Question 18

vacuole

Answer 18

large compartment that stores water and a variety of chemicals, only in plants

Question 19

chromatin

Answer 19

mix of proteins and DNA

Question 20

nucleus

Answer 20

the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes

Question 21

nuclear envelope

Answer 21

a double membrane enclosing the nucleus

Question 22

nucleolus

Answer 22

structure inside nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

Question 23

mRNA

Answer 23

messenger RNA are the instructions to build proteins

Question 24

vesicle

Answer 24

a sac made of membrane

Question 25

endomembrane system includes

Answer 25

``` nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes vesicles vacuoles plasma membrane ```

Question 26

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

extensive network of flattened sacs and tubules

Question 27

smooth ER

Answer 27

steroid synthesis processing harmful substances storage for calcium ions

Question 28

rough ER

Answer 28

has ribosomes attached to outer surface created and distributes secretory proteins membrane creation

Question 29

Golgi apparatus

Answer 29

receives transport vesicles, modifies the contents, sends the contents out to other organelles

Question 30

lysosome

Answer 30

membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes

Question 31

vacuole

Answer 31

a large vesicle

Question 32

peroxisomes

Answer 32

metabolic compartments

Question 33

mitochondrion or mitochondria (plural)

Answer 33

organelle that carries out cellular respiration

Question 34

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 34

contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes and enzymes

Question 35

cristae

Answer 35

folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 36

chloroplast

Answer 36

photosynthesizing organelles of plants and algae

Question 37

stroma

Answer 37

thick fluid inside chloroplast that contains chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes

Question 38

thylakoids

Answer 38

interconnected sacs inside chloroplast, traps solar energy

Question 39

granum

Answer 39

stack of thylakoids

Question 40

endosymbiont theory

Answer 40

states that mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally small prokaryotes that began living in larger cells

Question 41

capsid

Answer 41

protein that contains virus

Question 42

lytic cycle

Answer 42

the breaking open of a host cell by a virus and release of newly produced viruses

Question 43

lysogenic cycle

Answer 43

viral DNA replication occurring without killing the host cell

Question 44

prophage

Answer 44

phage DNA that has been inserted into the bacterial chromosome

Question 45

cell theory

Answer 45

states that all living things are composed of cells and that cells come from other cells

Question 46

4 eons of geological time

Answer 46

Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic

Question 47

Cambrian explosion

Answer 47

535-525 mya great increase in the diversity of animal forms\ "the bright blue band"

Question 48

radiometric dating

Answer 48

determining the age of a fossil based on the decay of radioactive isotopes

Question 49

3 eras of Phanerozoic eon

Answer 49

Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

Question 50

microbiota

Answer 50

the community of microorganisms that live in and on our bodies

Question 51

pathogen

Answer 51

disease causing agent

Question 52

2 kinds of prokaryotes

Answer 52

Archaea | Bacteria

Question 53

3 defining features of prokaryotes

Answer 53

cell shape cell wall projections

Question 54

3 common shapes of prokaryotes

Answer 54

cocci (spherical) bacilli (rod shaped) spirochete (spiral)

Question 55

Gram stain

Answer 55

technique for determining type of cell wall

Question 56

peptidoglycan

Answer 56

a polymer of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

Question 57

fimbriae

Answer 57

hair like projections that allow prokaryotes to stick to surfaces or one another

Question 58

plasmid

Answer 58

circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes

Question 59

endospore

Answer 59

a copy of a prokaryotes chromosome in a protective coating

Question 60

photoautotrophs

Answer 60

sunlight energy | carbon from CO2

Question 61

photoheterotrophs

Answer 61

sunlight energy | carbon from organic sources

Question 62

chemoautotrophs

Answer 62

inorganic chemical energy | carbon from CO2

Question 63

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 63

organic energy | carbon from organic molecules