Evolution

Question 1

Evolution is ___ over ____.

Answer 1

Change over Time

Question 2

Evolution is ___ with ____

Answer 2

Decent with modification

Question 3

2 categories of evolution:

Answer 3

Microevolution & Macroevolution

Question 4

Microevolution is:

Answer 4

• Samller-scale changes within a population

- Usually occurs over short time fame

Question 5

Macroevolution is:

• Largescale changes in a ____ or ____.
• Can result in _____, or the formation of new species.
• Typically occures over a ___ time fame.

Answer 5

• Population or Species
• Speciation
• Long

Question 6

Define Microevolution:

Answer 6

Change in the frequency of alleles within a population over multiple generations.

Question 7

______ _______ causes no change in allele frequencies.

Answer 7

Random mating

Question 8

Mechanisms One and Two are:

Answer 8

Mutations & Gene Flow

Question 9

Changes in the DNA code. Ex- allele “B” changes to allele “b”

Answer 9

Mutation

Question 10

Gene Flow:

Answer 10

Individuals may move into or out of the population, taking out (or bringing in) their alleles with them.

Question 11

2 examples of gene flow.

Answer 11

Immigration and Emigration

Question 12

Mechanisms Three and Four are:

Answer 12

Non-random mating & Genetic Drift

Question 13

100 Locusts fly across the road when you come zooming over a hill, smooshing 60 of the poor insects. the dead ones are NOT killed because they happened to be “less good” than the surviving locusts: no they just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. This is an example of what?

Answer 13

Genetic Drift

Question 14

One example of genetic drift is the _____ effect.

Answer 14

Bottle-neck

Question 15

Mechanism Five:

Answer 15

Natural Selection

Question 16

Natural Selection is:

Answer 16

Differences in survival and/or reproduction due to differences in traits among individuals.

Question 17

Natural Selection is the most important process leading to Microevolution, primarily because….

Answer 17

It always leads to ADAPTIVE changes in populations.

Question 18

Who were the co-discoverers of evolution via natural selection?

Answer 18

Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace

Question 19

Darwin based his ideas about natural selection on what 3 major observations:

Answer 19

• All organisms produce more offspring than is needed
• Limited supply of food, water, space, and other recources
• All organisms varied. That variation was passed along from parent to offspring

Question 20

Darwins 3 major Hypothesis on top of his natural selection ideas:

Answer 20

• Individuals will compete among themselves to get resources
• Individuals with better traits will survive and reproduce better
• The strong will thrive, and the weak will be weeded out

Question 21

Biologists define “fitness” as:

Answer 21

The RELATIVE success of a trait compared to other traits.

Question 22

How to measure “fitness”

Answer 22

of offspring
Probability of each offspring reproducing
Growth rate of a population will all individuals having a single allele.

Question 23

Fitness is generally symbolized by the letter __.

Answer 23

w

Question 24

The fitness of a trait is _____ dependent on what other traith you compare it to, and the circumstances under which the comparison is made.

Answer 24

always

Question 25

In _____ _____ individuals with extreme forms of a trait are less fit than individuals with intermediate forms of the trait

Answer 25

stabilizing selection

Question 26

In _____ _____, individuals with one extreme forms of a trait are more fit than individuals with the other extreme of intermediate forms of the trait

Answer 26

direction selection

Question 27

In _____ _____, individuals with intermediate forms of a trait are less fit than individuals with either extreme form of the trait.

Answer 27

Disruptive selection

Question 28

How many different ways can you define a species?

Answer 28

20-25

Question 29

3 common ways to define a species are based on:

Answer 29

• appearance
• ability to interbreed
• differences in evolutionary history

Question 30

2 basic types of Speciation are:

Answer 30

• allopatric speciation

- sympatric speciation

Question 31

Define Allopatric Speciation.

Answer 31

Occurs when a single population is divided in two by a physical barrier.

Question 32

Define Sympatric speciation.

Answer 32

Occurs without a physical barrier.

Question 33

In plants, sympatric speciation may occur commonly through the process of hybridization & _____.

Answer 33

Polyploidy