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Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phylogenetic or evolutionary

A

Share a common ancestor and a unique evolutionary history

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2
Q

Ecological

A

Share a specific niche, unique to them and them alone

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3
Q

What is a species?

A

A species can interbreed with each other

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4
Q

How are species created?

A

Populations become isolated so there’s no gene flow between them. Isolated populations evolve independently

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5
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Geographic separation

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6
Q

Biological evolution

A

The change in a population’s genetic makeup over generations

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7
Q

Natural selection occurs when there is….

A

Variation, inheritance, and competition

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8
Q

Differential reproductive success

A

Some segments of the population have more offspring on average than others

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9
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Species that breed during different times of day, different seasons, or different years

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10
Q

Geographic isolation

A

Species occur in different areas

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11
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Unique behavioral patterns and rituals isolate species
•Identifies member of species
• attract mates if same species

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12
Q

Gametic isolation

A

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

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13
Q

Variation

A

No one is identical

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14
Q

Phenotypic variation

A

Variation in expressed traits

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15
Q

Inheritance

A

The variation/s in question must have a genotypic basis

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16
Q

Competition

A

Competing for resources. All organisms must reproduce as much as possible

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17
Q

Differential reproductive success

A

Someone is going to have more kids than others

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18
Q

Natural selection is not….

A

random

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19
Q

Morphological or typological

A

They conform to the same body plan

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

Traits that improve survival and reproductive success

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21
Q

Genetic drift

A

Frequency of traits can change in a population due to chance events

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22
Q

Coevolution

A

Two or more species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution

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23
Q

Population

A

A localized group of interbreeding individuals

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24
Q

Gene pool

A

The collection of alleles in the population

25
Q

Allele frequency

A

How common is that allele in the population

26
Q

Non-evolving population when:

A
  • very large population (no genetic drift)
  • no migration (no gene flow in or out)
  • no mutation (no genetic change)
  • random mating (no sexual selection)
  • no natural selection (everyone is equally fit)
27
Q

p=

A

Frequency of dominant allele

28
Q

q=

A

Frequency of recessive allele

29
Q

p^2

A

Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals

30
Q

q^2

A

Frequency of homozygous recessive individuals

31
Q

2pq

A

Frequency of heterozygous individuals

32
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

33
Q

Reduced hybrid viability

A

Genes of difference parent species may interact and impair the hybrid’s development

34
Q

Reduced hybrid fertility

A

Even if hybrids are vigorous they may be sterile

35
Q

Gradualism

A

Most speciation is gradual, consistent divergence over long spans of time

36
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Hybrids may be fertile and viable in first generation but when they mate offspring are feeble or sterile

37
Q

Punctuation equilibrium

A

Most speciation occurs in sparse bursts

38
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Ecological and phenotypic diversity in a rapidly multiplying lineage

39
Q

Morphology

A

Body form

40
Q

Homologous structures produce…

A

Divergent evolution

41
Q

Analogous structures

A

Separate evolution of structures

42
Q

Analogous structures are produced by…

A

Convergent evolution or parallel evolution

43
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Two separate, asynchronous evolutionary lineages develop a similar trait/solution

44
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Like convergent evolution but the two species evolve at the same time and/or in the same ecospace

45
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Modern structures that have reduced to no function

46
Q

Molecular evidence

A

Evidence from genes and proteins

47
Q

Highly conserved

A

Similar or identical

48
Q

Locus

A

Genome location

49
Q

Evo-devo

A

Modern organisms have many ancient genes still in place that can be used to study the ancestral form

50
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Includes the ancestor bt not all of its descendants

51
Q

Polyphyletic

A

Includes some species that do not share the ancestor in question

52
Q

Cladistics

A

Groups organisms by common descent

53
Q

Clade

A

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and it’s descendants

54
Q

Mono phyletic

A

Include all descendent species and no non-descendants

55
Q

Radio dating

A

Dating from other fossils or dating from rocks

56
Q

Abiogenesis

A

How life got started in the first place

57
Q

RNA world model

A

RNA can self copy

58
Q

Ribozymes

A

Self-catalyzing RNA

Biology (3 decks)

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