Animal Behavior

Question 1

Steps of chi-square

Answer 1

Create table of observed and expected, plug into equation, add up results

Question 2

Degrees of freedom

Answer 2

The number of outcomes minus 1

Question 3

If chi-square value is larger

Answer 3

The null is rejected

Question 4

Behavior

Answer 4

Actions an animal takes

Question 5

Anthropomorphization

Answer 5

The attribution of human characteristics on non-human subjects

Question 6

Proximate causes of behavior

Answer 6

How questions

Question 7

Ultimate causes

Answer 7

Why questions

Question 8

Tinbergen’s four questions

Answer 8

What are the genetic/developmental mechanisms (proximate cause), what are the anatomical/physiological mechanisms (proximate cause, what historical pathways led to the current behavioral trait (ultimate cause), what selective processes shaped the behavioral trait (ultimate cause)

Question 9

Innate

Answer 9

Has a genetic basis; born with it

Question 10

Fixed action patterns

Answer 10

Sequences of unlearned, Unchangeable behaviors

Question 11

Imprinting

Answer 11

Mimic

Question 12

Learned

Answer 12

Acquired as a consequence of experience

Question 13

Adaptive

Answer 13

Gives its bearer a reproductive advantage

Question 14

Maladaptive

Answer 14

Reproductive disadvantage

Question 15

Optimal it’s

Answer 15

Treats that maximize benefits while minimizing costs to the greatest extent possible; evolutionary trade offs

Question 16

Free energy is necessary for

Answer 16

Baseline cellular operation and maintenance and extra every beyond that can be invested in good health and defense

Question 17

Behavior that results in the most free energy…

Answer 17

Is favored by natural selection.

Question 18

Migration

Answer 18

A form of dispersal; the annual movement away from and return to the same location.

Question 19

Good genes hypothesis

Answer 19

Physical characteristic that correlates with survival success, and will be passed on to kids

Question 20

Healthy mate hypothesis

Answer 20

Trait that correlates to foraging success, high parental investment, and low parasite load

Question 21

Signaling

Answer 21

Animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical, and chemical signals to indicate dominance , find food , establish territory, and achieve reproductive success

Question 22

Tactile

Answer 22

Signaling by touch

Question 23

Electrical

Answer 23

Eels communicate with pulsing electrical fields

Question 24

Altruism

Answer 24

A selfless sacrifice for another’s benefit

Question 25

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 25

Rondo usual helps another because it expects to gain something in return

Question 26

Inclusive fitness

Answer 26

Direct and indirect fitness

Question 27

Direct fitness

Answer 27

Your reproductive success because you reproduced

Question 28

Indirect fitness

Answer 28

Someone related to you had kids

Question 29

Key variables to an altruistic act

Answer 29

Benefit to the recipient, cost of the altruist, coefficient of relatedness- the fraction of genes that on average are shared

Question 30

Hamilton’s rule

Answer 30

Natural selection favors altruism when the benefits out weigh the costs

Question 31

Kin selection

Answer 31

When altruistic behaviors are favors because they enhance the reproductive success of relatives

Question 32

Alternate hypothesis

Answer 32

There is a relationship

Question 33

Null hypothesis

Answer 33

Default condition

Question 34

Prediction

Answer 34

A statement of the data that will result of a given hypothesis is correct

Question 35

Independent variable

Answer 35

What you’re testing

Question 36

Dependent variable

Answer 36

Your results

Question 37

Control variable

Answer 37

Things you’re not studying

Question 38

Control group

Answer 38

Offers comparison

Question 39

Standard deviation

Answer 39

The greater the deviation the greater variation in your data