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Evolution > Evolution 3 > Flashcards

Evolution 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Mutation

A

A change in DNA

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2
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organisms

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3
Q

Genetic engineering

A

agriculture, Incas chose specific potatoes over 8,000 years and this developed 4000 strains of potato

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4
Q

Lateral transfer

A

A natural form of genetic modifiction

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5
Q

DNA

A

most in nuclei but some is mitochondria

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6
Q

4 bases

A

A,C,T, or G

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7
Q

Protein function

A

Transportation, nerve function, (pumps, channels, markers, and receptors), immunity

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8
Q

Mutagen

A

something that causes mutations (such as radiation or chemicals)

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9
Q

Radiation

A

Can break or alter strands of DNA.

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10
Q

Point mutation

A

A single change to one point of a gene, insertion or deletion of a gene

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11
Q

Substitution

A

replaces one base pair with another

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12
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion of a gene

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13
Q

Inversion

A

Reversal of a section of the DNA sequence

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14
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Mutation in the red blood cells that cause clogging in the capillaries, causing anemia and organ damage. Also gives an immunity to malaria

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15
Q

Homeotic (Hox) Gene

A

A gene which defines an area or region in the embryo

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16
Q

Neoteny

A

retaining juvenal features

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17
Q

Coevolution arms race

A

rough-skinned newts and snakes

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18
Q

Phylogeny

A

a kind of family tree

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19
Q

Molecular clock

A

Putting time scales on family trees, assumes constant mutation rate.

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20
Q

Stromatolites

A

fossil algal/bacterial reefs

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21
Q

Amber

A

organisms in amber are technically not fossilized since they are still intact

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22
Q

Fossil creation

A
  1. protected from being eaten, decayed, or eroded. 2. buried in sediment fine enough to preserve detail. 3. water is present at some point to replace organic matter with minerals
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23
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Form in peat bogs, ocean/lake beds, marshes, and swamps

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24
Q

Index fossils

A

Fossils that help tell a time period such as rodent teeth

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25
Q

Geologic age of earth

A

4.6 billion years

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26
Q

First life on earth

A

about 4 billion years ago

27
Q

Creationist age of earth

A

6 thousand years

28
Q

Varves

A

annual layers in sediment

29
Q

Lake suigetsu, lake Sihailongwan

A

60,000 and 65,000 varves

30
Q

Ice sheets

A

a different form of varve but still annual layers. Epica ice core has 800,000 varves

31
Q

Radiometric dating

A

A form of dating that counts the number of particles shot from the nucleus of a radioactive atom for a given period of time.

32
Q

C-14

A

half life of 5,730 years

33
Q

C-14 dating

A

developed by Willard libby, limit is about 50,000 years

34
Q

Potassium-argon dating (K-Ar)

A

half live of 1.25 billion years, this only works on igneous rock, more argon waste gas the older it is.

35
Q

Sediment dating

A

lava flows or volcanic ash are crucial to give time period.

36
Q

First hydrogen atoms

A

13.8 billion years ago

37
Q

Iron

A

is the last stage of a star before exploding

38
Q

Our solar system age

A

condensed from an explosion about 4.6 billion years ago

39
Q

Alexander Oparin and J.B.S Haldane

A

proposed that early earth had a reducing atmosphere

40
Q

Urey-Miller experiment

A

An experiment where they recreated an atmosphere with certain conditions and formed amino acids

41
Q

Geologic timescale

A

broken up into eras (Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic)

42
Q

Precambrian

A

4 billion to 600 million

43
Q

Paleozoic

A

600-250 million

44
Q

Mesozoic

A

250-65 million

45
Q

Cenozoic

A

65 million to now

46
Q

Oldest fossils

A

by 2.5 billion years ago

47
Q

Oxygen crisis

A

2 billion years ago caused visible oxidation in the rocks. Likely caused by cyanobacteria

48
Q

First microbes

A

seemed to be anerobic organisms

49
Q

Eukaryotes

A

first non-bacteria ancestors appeared after the oxygen crisis. = algae: 1.8 billion years old

50
Q

Endo-symbiont hypothesis

A

Eukaryotes arose by absorbing aerobic prokaryotes or keeping them in colonies and their descendants are the mitochondria

51
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

more diverse fossils popping into existence at the end of the pre-cambrian era 600 million years ago

52
Q

Ediacarans

A

700-600 million years ago, had soft bodies which made fossils hard to discover

53
Q

Forests of the paleozoic

A

were mainly ferns, horsetail, and lycophytes which reproduced only with spores and not seeds

54
Q

Paleozoic coal forests

A

the main source of coal deposits

55
Q

Paleozoic plant sequence

A

mosses, then ferns and relatives, on to conifers as the first seed plants

56
Q

Trilobites

A

only in marine deposits of paleozoic age

57
Q

First animal with vertebrae

A

fish!!!!!!

58
Q

Last to appear

A

bony fish

59
Q

First land animals

A

arthropods (insects & spiders) (early paleozoic)

60
Q

Mid-paleozoic

A

first vertebrate animals on land

61
Q

Two lineages of bony fish

A

Ray-finned fish (ancestor of most common day fish), Lobe-finned fish (our probable ancestor)

62
Q

Late paleozoic

A

had definite amphibians

63
Q

First reptiles

A

appeared in the last part of the paleozoic era

64
Q

Permian extinciton

A

250 million years ago, largest mass extinction of all time

Evolution (4 decks)

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