Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOLOGY GRADE 11 > EVOLUTION > Flashcards

EVOLUTION Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a change in genetic information ( DNA ) that can have an immediate/direct affect on an individual, but they can also influence future generations when those mutations are inherited.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three types of mutations?

A

Neutral mutation
Harmful mutation
Beneficial mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Neutral mutations?

A

They have no immediate benefit/harm to an individual

They dont affect reproductive success or survival

Not selected by natural selection

No selective advantage or disadvantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an example of a neutral mutation?

A

Receding hairline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Harmful mutations?

A

Reduces the organisms reproductive success and is therefore selected against

Harmful mutations do not accumulate over time ( not selected for )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of a harmful mutation?

A

Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a beneficial mutation?

A

Increases the organism’s reproductive success

Beneficial mutations are favoured by natural selection and accumulate over time

Provide advantage - better chances of survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of a beneficial mutation?

A

Lactose tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Artificial selection ( selective breeding )

A

Occurs in captivity

Humans choose which animals or plants are bred ( have certain desired traits )

Used to improve/modify certain traits

Can produce drastic changes in certain traits

Can result in new breeds/varieties of animals and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is domestication?

A

Domestication is the changing of a member of a species to suit human needs through controlled and captive breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are consequences of mutations?

A

1.) Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics

2.) Insects becoming resistant to pesticides

3.) Influenza virus - always changing, enhancing its ability to spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did philosophers and other religious experts think about species?

A

They thought all species that lives on earth were immutable (unable to change)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did buffon discover?

A

He wondered about vestigial body parts ( seemed to serve no purpose/barely functioned )

Believed species had been created in a more perfect form but had changed over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did linnaeus propose?

A

He proposed that life changed over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who was Erasmus Darwin and what did he propose?

A

He was the grandfather of charles darwin and proposed that all life might have evolved from a single original source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who was Lamarck?

A

Lamarck was a student of buffon and was the first scientist to offer a possible mechanism for the evolution of species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What were Lamarcks 2 principles?

A

1st principle : Use and disuse

2nd principle : Inheritance of acquired characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is use and disuse

A

When an individual uses a structure/muscle a lot it becomes larger and stronger

When an individual doesnt use a structure/muscle a lot it becomes smaller and weaker ( vestigial )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is inheritance of acquired characters?

A

Individuals could pass on characteristics they had acquired during their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are fossils?

A

Fossils are preserved ancient remains of dead organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

1.) Remains of a buried organism are gradually replaced by mineral deposits

2.) If the remains sink to the bottom of a body of water and is quickly buried by sediments, the resulting lack of oxygen can prevent decomposition

3.) As sediments accumulate the body gets compressed and very gradually chemical changes occur that result in the body becoming mineralized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Cuvier find? Explain.

A

Cuvier founded the theory of catastrophism

The theory states that the species themselves did not change and global catastrophes such as floods caused widespread extinction of species

Extinct species fossilized, and replaced by a newly created set of species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did lyell find? Explain.

A

Lyell founded the theory of uniformitarianism

The theory states that Earth has been changed by the same processes in the past that are occuring in the present
Geological change is slow and gradual/uniform

23
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The study of past and present geographical distribution of organisms

24
Q

What is Darwins theory regarding remote islands?

A

Remote oceanic islands became populated by species that arrived by water or air
After the species became established, they evolved into new species over time
Isolated species have a resemblance to species on the nearest continental land mass

25
Q

What are Homologous Features?

A

Similar structural elements and origins, but with different functions

26
Q

What are Analogous features?

A

Features that perform similar functions but have different origins and structure

27
Q

What are vestigial features?

A

Features that no longer serve the function they do in similar species
Non-functioning or only marginally functioning structure

28
Q

What are pseudogenes?

A

Genes that have undergone
mutations and no longer serve a useful purpose

29
Q

What is competition with populations?

A

Showed that all populations were limited in size by their environment (in particular their food supply)
Populations cannot grow indefinitely
Many species produce large numbers of offspring but not all survive
Competition for survival between members of the same species

30
Q

What was Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Therefore, organisms compete for limited resources.

Individuals of a population vary extensively, and much of this variation is heritable.

Individuals that are better suited (fitted) to local conditions survive to produce more offspring (Theory of Natural Selection)

Some individuals have a better chance of success than others

Traits of the favoured individuals would become more common in the next generation

31
Q

What are adaptations?

A

A characteristic or feature of a species that makes it well suited for survival or reproductive success in its environment

32
Q

What is selective pressure?

A

conditions can select for certain characteristics in some individuals and select against different characteristics in other individuals

33
Q

What are the 4 types of natural selection?

A

Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection
Sexual Selection

34
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Individuals with a more extreme variation of a trait are favoured.
One extreme
Shift away from the average
Common during times of environmental change or when a population migrates to a new habitat
Common in artificial breeding

35
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Average phenotype is favoured
Acts against individuals exhibiting traits that are extreme
Common in unchanging environments

36
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Favours variations at opposite extremes of a trait.
Intermediate phenotypes can be eliminated from the population.

37
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Favouring of any trait that specifically enhances the mating success of an individual
Often leads to males and females of a species looking very different (sexually dimorphic)

38
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Changes to allele frequency as a result of chance
Random shifting of the genetic makeup of the next generation

39
Q

What are the 2 types of genetic drift?

A

The Bottleneck Effect

The Founder Effect

40
Q

What is the bottle neck effect?

A

A dramatic, often temporary, reduction in population size, usually resulting in significant genetic drift
If a population is quickly reduced by starvation, disease, or a natural catastrophe:
surviving population likely has only a fraction of the alleles that were present before

41
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals separate from their original population and establish a new population
A change in the gene pool when a small number of individuals (founders) establish a new population

42
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Changes in gene ( allele ) frequency and phenotypic traits within a population and species

43
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of new species

44
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanism

A

Any behavioral, structural, or biochemical trait that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing sucessfuly together

45
Q

What is a species

A

individuals that can interbreed under natural conditions to produce viable, fertile offspring.

46
Q

What is a prezygotic mechanism?

A

A reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents interspecies mating and fertilization

47
Q

What is a postzygotic mechanism

A

A reproductive isolating mechanism that prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproduction

48
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

New species form when a single species is separated into 2 geographically isolated populations, and evolve separately

49
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Evolution of populations into separate species, but within the same geographic area

50
Q

What is adaptive radiation

A

Single species evolves into many new species, each filling a different ecological niche

51
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Large-scale evolution of a group into many different forms

52
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The evolution of similar traits in distantly related species

53
Q

What is coevolution?

A

One species evolves in response to the evolution of another species (evolutionary success becomes linked)

54
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Large scale evolutionary changes including the formation of new species

55
Q

What is the theory of gradualism?

A

Large evolutionary changes in species is caused by the accumulation of many small and ongoing changes and processes

56
Q

What is the theory of punctured equilibrium?

A

Evolutionary changes are caused by relatively rapid spurts of change followed by long periods of little or no change

BIOLOGY GRADE 11 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions