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Bio 20 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of equilibrium?

A

Balance in human body systems and ecosystems

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2
Q

Different levels (most specific to broadest)

A

Species-> population-> community-> ecosystem-> biosphere

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3
Q

What is the definition of a niche?

A

An organisms role within an environment

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4
Q

What is the definition of biological species?

A

A group of organisms living in the same area at the same time that are capable of interbreeding and producing viable (can survive in adulthood) and fertile (ability to reproduce) young

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5
Q

What is the definition of an invasive species?

A

Overtake a native species and causes many issues

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6
Q

Groups from least to most specific

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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7
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

1: Bacteria
2: Eukarya
3: Archaea

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8
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms within the Eukarya domain?

A

1: Protista
2: Fungi
3: Plantae
4: Animalia

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9
Q

What are humans?

A

Homo sapiens
———————

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10
Q

What is the definition of morphological features?

A

Physical characteristics of an organism, we can use them to help us classify and order living things ex. No wings= Arthropoda

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11
Q

What is the definition of limiting factors?

A

Any biotic or abiotic element that controls the number of individuals in a population

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12
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A

a) Intraspecific competition
b) Interspecific competition

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13
Q

What is the definition of Intraspecific competition?

A

Competition between the same species ex. Competes for a mate

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14
Q

What is the definition for interspecific competition?

A

Competition between two DIFFERENT species ex. Hyenas and cheetahs

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15
Q

What is the definition of a structural adaptation?

A

Changes in the structures of a living organism that makes it better adapted to its environment ex. Camouflage

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16
Q

What is the definition of a behavioural adaptation?

A

The things an organism does to survive, usually in response to an external stimulus ex. bird calls

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17
Q

What is the definition of a physiological adaptation?

A

Changes in the metabolism or physiological activity of organisms that allow them to maintain homeostasis, this influences internal functions ex. Temperature regulation in humans (endothermics)

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18
Q

What is the definition for genetic variation?

A

The difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species

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19
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Characteristics of an organism that are visible

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20
Q

What is genetic mutation?

A

A change in the nuceic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus or DNA ex. Red blood cells mutation

21
Q

What is the definition of natural selection?

A

Process by which a population of organisms changes cuz organisms with specific traits can better survive the local environment conditions and passes these traits to off spring ex. Darwin’s finches

22
Q

What are traits?

A

Physical characteristics that help an organism to survive

23
Q

What are heritable traits?

A

A trait/characteristic that can be passed down from parent to offspring (passing down of genes) ex. Eye colour

24
Q

What variation does natural selection act on?

A

Phenotype variations

25
Q

What is the definition of fitness?

A

Refers to the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce

26
Q

Are environments static?

A

NO

27
Q

What are the two main ideas of Darwin’s theory?

A

1: Evolution occurs as organisms change over time
2: Evolution occurs by natural selection

28
Q

What is Lamarcks theory?

A

Evolution occurs through the inheritance of traits that an organism develops in its own life time (hint: giraffe)

29
Q

What are transitional fossils?

A

Any fossil that possess characteristics of both ancestral and descendant groups. They show the progression of the development of new evolutionary traits and show less of other traits ex. Whales

30
Q

What is the definition of homologous structures?

A

Occur in species that have a common ancestor. They have similar functions but different physical appearances

31
Q

What is the definition of analogous structures?

A

Perform similar functions, even though the organisms don’t have a common ancestor ex. Insect wings vs bird wings

32
Q

What are the vestigial organs?

A

They are remnants of structures that served important functions in the organisms ancestor ex. Pelvic bones in some snakes

33
Q

What is the definition of speciation?

A

Formation of a new species over time

34
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms living in the same place at the same time capable of interbreeding and providing fertile offspring

35
Q

Do individuals or populations evolve?

A

Populations

36
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation ex. Insects develop resistance against pesticides

37
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

Evolutionary change above the species level ex. Diversity between mammals from 70 million years ago

38
Q

What is transformation?

A

Result from natural selection. Ancestor to modern

39
Q

What is divergence?

A

Splitting off of one common ancestor. Increases biodiversity

40
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Species descend from a common ancestor and gradually diverge more and more as they acquire unique adaptations (new species)

41
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Periods of apparent stasis punctuated by a sudden change. Ex. Extinction of the dinosaurs. Also has an increase of biodiversity and new species

42
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

Biological barriers that don’t allow members of two species to produce viable fertile hybrids (no interbreeding)

43
Q

What are the two types of reproductive isolation?

A

1: Pre-zygotic
2: Post-zygotic

44
Q

What is pre-zygotic?

A

Before egg and sperm of individuals come into contact (geographical and behavioural barriers)

45
Q

What is post-zygotic?

A

After mating has occurred ex. Mule

46
Q

What is the definition of geographic barriers?

A

An obstacle that separates populations of species ex. Formation of a mountain range

47
Q

What is the definition of adaptive radiation?

A

Spreading out from a common ancestor, each species are differently adapted

48
Q

Does the environment make the trait?

A

No the trait already existed!!!

Bio 20 (2 decks)

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