Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Change in allele frequency from one generation to the next.

Question 2

Microevolution

Answer 2

Gradual accumulation of mutations which result in variation within species (occurs over relatively short time)

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

Major evolutionary transitions from one type of organisms to another at the species level or higher.

Question 4

Gene Pool

Answer 4

All the alleles possessed by all the individuals in a population.

Question 5

Gene Flow

Answer 5

The movement of alleles between populations (by migration).

Question 6

Natural Selection

Answer 6

A population shows variation in their phenotypes and those with more advantageous phenotypes are more likely to survive to pass their alleles on to their offspring.

Question 7

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 7

Favours the average phenotype over either of the extremes.

Question 8

Directional Selection

Answer 8

Favours one of the extremes over the average or other extreme

Question 9

Disruptive Selection

Answer 9

Favours both extreme phenotypes over the average

Question 10

Selection Pressures

Answer 10

Environmental factors that favour certain phenotypes which allow some individuals in a population to successfully reproduce and therefor increase the chance that certain alleles will get passed on to the offspring

Question 11

Mutation

Answer 11

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence

Question 12

Genetic Drift

Answer 12

The change in allele frequencies due to chance processes.

Question 13

Founder Effect

Answer 13

When a small population becomes isolated from the main population and move to a new area (often and island) to start a new population.

Question 14

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 14

A sudden and dramatic reduction in the size of the population.

Question 15

Population

Answer 15

A group of organisms of the same species that live together.

Question 16

Species

Answer 16

A group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Question 17

Divergent Evolution

Answer 17

A common ancestor gives rise to two or more different species.

Question 18

Adaptive Evolution

Answer 18

Evolution of a number of new species from a common ancestor because a number of new niches became available.

Question 19

Convergent Evolution

Answer 19

Groups of unrelated organisms become more similar due to exposure to the same selection pressures.

Question 20

Co-evolution

Answer 20

When two species are so ecologically intimate with each other that they influence the evolution of other species.

Question 21

Homologous Structures

Answer 21

Structures that have different functions but the same evolutionary origin.

Question 22

Analogous Structures

Answer 22

Structures that have different evolutionary origins but the same function.

Question 23

Speciation

Answer 23

The formation of a new species.

Question 24

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 24

Formation of two new species from an ancestral species due to geographic isolation of two populations.

Question 25

Allopatric Species

Answer 25

Two closely related that are separated by a geographic barrier.

Question 26

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 26

The formation of two new species from an ancestral species when the two populations are not separated by a geological barrier.

Question 27

Sympatric Species

Answer 27

Two closely related species that are not separated by a geographic barrier.

Question 28

Reproductive Isolating mechanism

Answer 28

Any structure of function that prevents interbreeding between species to produce fertile offspring.

Question 29

Pre-reproductive isolating mechanism

Answer 29

Factors that prevent the formation of the zygote.

Question 30

Post-reproductive isolating mechanism

Answer 30

Factors that prevent the production of offspring by the parents, F1 or F2 is mating occurs.

Question 31

Polyploidy

Answer 31

Having more than 2n complete sets of chromosomes.

Question 32

Autopolyploidy

Answer 32

A polyploid organism where only one species contributes chromosomes to the offspring.

Question 33

Allopolyploidy

Answer 33

A polyploid organism where two different but closely related species contribute chromosomes to the offspring.

Question 34

Amphiploidy

Answer 34

A polyploid organism that results from the doubling of chromosome number in an otherwise infertile hybrid.

Question 35

Non-disjunction

Answer 35

The failure of chromosomes to separate from each other during cell division because the spindle fibres don't form.

Question 36

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 36

The sudden evolution of a number of new species after a long period of stasis (OR the sudden evolution of a number of new species FOLLOWED by a long period of stasis) due to rapid change to the enviroment.

Question 37

Gradualism

Answer 37

When two populations of one species slowly diverge from one another into different species due to low steady change to the environment.

Question 38

Phylogenetics

Answer 38

This classifies organisms to their evolutionary relationships based on genetic evidence.

Question 39

Cladistics

Answer 39

Classifies organisms to the evolutionary relationships based on anatomical similarities and differences.

Question 40

Endemic

Answer 40

A species found only in one location.