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10 Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define evolution

A

The change in characteristics of a population over several generations

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2
Q

Define variation

A

The differences within a population of organisms

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3
Q

Define independent assortment

A

The process by which chromosomes are randomly separated before the cell splits in meiotic division

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4
Q

Define recombination

A

An event in which two homologous chromosomes ‘swap’ sections with one another in meiosis

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5
Q

Define selection pressure

A

A factor that will impact an organisms ability to survive or reproduce

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6
Q

Define abiotic

A

Non-living

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7
Q

Define biotic

A

Living

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8
Q

Define natural selection

A

Survival of the fittest or the process in which organisms with favorable characteristics have better chance of surviving in a particular environment than others

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9
Q

Define fitness

A

How well suited an organism is to survive and reproduce in its environment or an organisms ability go survive

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10
Q

Define artificial selection

A

The process in which organisms with desirable characteristics are selectively bred

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11
Q

Define adaptation

A

A characteristic or trait that helps an organism survive

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12
Q

Define progeny/or offspring

A

Descendants or children

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13
Q

Define mutation

A

A change in the sequence or type of DNA bases in a gene

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14
Q

Define phenotype

A

The physical appearance of an organism or a characteristic that is expressed

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15
Q

Define genotype

A

The pair of alleles an organism has, for example Gg or gg

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16
Q

Define speciation

A

The evolutionary process by which populations evolve into a distinct species

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17
Q

Define organism

A

A living thing

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18
Q

Define gene pool

A

All of the genes in a population of organisms

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19
Q

Define population

A

All of the organisms of a particular species living in the same place

20
Q

Define competition

A

Organisms fighting over a resource eg food/place / water or a mate

21
Q

Define meiosis

A

Cell division of gametes (sperm and ova) that produces 4 genetically different haploid cells

22
Q

Natural selection can only occur if:

A
  1. Variability
  2. Trait of interest must be inheritable (heritable)
  3. Trait convers advantage (adaptive)
23
Q

There has to be —- for evolution to occur

A

Variation

24
Q

3 things that lead to variation

A
  1. Independent assortment - random chromosome assortment in cell during meiosis
  2. Genetic recombination - an event in which 2 homologous chromosomes ‘ swap’ sections with one another during meiosis
  3. Mutations - A change in the sequence or type of DNA bases in a gene which leads to different proteins
    All of which leads to genetic diversity
25
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of mutagens, such as radiation and carcinogens and gene editing

26
Q

Describe the process in which identical twins are formed

A

One fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops into two babies with exactly the same genetic information

27
Q

Define epigenetics and how they can make identical twins different

A

When environment plays a role in expression of DNA. May trigger different genes. E.g cold or hot environment. For example, if a twin were to grow up in a cold environment they may look different from their twin who grew up in a hot environment.

28
Q

Draw a diagram on how identical twins are formed during meiosis

A

Check book for diagram

29
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Related species with the same basic structure and genetics
Through a shared ancestor
For example, cats and lions both have similar paw structures and they share an ancestor

30
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Not similar genetically but similar structures due to similar environment
E.g dolphins and sharks

31
Q

Methods of artificial selection

A

Cross breeding desirable traits
Interbreeding

32
Q

Examples of selective pressures

A

Predators
Environmental conditions
Availability of food
Diseases

33
Q

Process of speciation in 3 words

A
  1. Variation
  2. Isolation
  3. Selection
34
Q

Explain how mutations can be advantageous

A

Mutations can alter genes which can result in advantageous traits to be produced
For example, white fur for bears was a result of a mutation which advantageous helping polar bears blend into the snow

35
Q

Explain the difference between natural selection and evolution

A

Natural selection is when individual species have a higher level of fitness, bettering the chances of surviving to pass on their genes
Evolution is when inherited traits of a population change over many generations

36
Q

2 types of gene selection:

A

Natural and artificial selection

37
Q

Result of gene selection

A

Specific DNA sequence becomes more prevalent via gene selection

38
Q

Artificial selection benefits
Think about GM foods and things humans have genetically modified

A

Selection of preferred genes (traits)
Can make food more nutritious– higher levels of vitamins such as vitamin-A
Making crops, cotton pest, disease resistant
Making foods bigger proportions

39
Q

Artificial selection issues/ concerns

A

Inbreeding - increases the risk of recessive gene diseases and disorders since closely related organisms are more likely to carry a copy of the same recessive gene.

40
Q

Cloning process via somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

Donor cells planted into surrogate mother’s egg
Nucleus from somatic cells transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg - egg becomes zygote (fertilised)

41
Q

Cloning benefits

A

Prevents extinction of endangered animals
Aids the replacement of organs
Increase agricultural production
Enables same-gender couples to have offspring
Can solve infertility

42
Q

Cloning cons

A

Reduced genetic diversity
If there were genes which coded for diseases it’ll be passed onto the offspring
Ethical concerns - “playing God “
identity fraud

43
Q

Which is better: pure bred or mut

A

Mut because they are genetically healthier

44
Q

Gm food concerns

A

Can be cross bred with wild plants for example, a pest resistant crop was cross bred with a wild plant the offspring of the wild plant would be also pest resistant
Gene transfer
Concerns about potential allergies

45
Q

Define recombining genes

A

Selected gene from one organism placed into another organism

46
Q

Human gene therapy pros

A

Modifies genes to treat, cure diseases or issues - modified to carry therapeutic genes
Potential to cure or treat genetic issues or diseases

47
Q

Gene therapy issues/ concerns

A

Unwanted immune system reaction- immune system may see the newly introduced viruses as intruders and attack them
Introduction to wrong cell-chance of a tumor formation
Potential allergic reaction

10 Biology (3 decks)

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