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10 Biology > DNA and Genetics > Flashcards

DNA and Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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2
Q

Where is DNA present?

A

Inside the nucleus of cells in all living organisms

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3
Q

Does DNA control all chemical changes?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

A long chain of nucleotides

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5
Q

How many parts make up a nucleotide, and what?

A

3 parts:
1. A sugar, deoxyribose
2. A phosphate, PO4
2. An organic base

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

A complex and large molecule

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7
Q

What is the difference between a ribose and a deoxyribose?

A

A ribose only has five carbon atoms in its molecule while deoxyribose lacks one oxygen atom.

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8
Q

What symbol both represents the molecules ribose and deoxyribose?

A

A pentagon

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9
Q

The 4 most common organic bases?

A
  1. Adenine (A)
  2. Thymine (T)
  3. Cytosine (C)
  4. Guanine (G)
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10
Q

What forms a nucleotide?

A

A deoxyribose, A phosphate - PO4 and one of the organic bases

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11
Q

What gives DNA its acidic properties?

A

The phosphate groups

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12
Q

How is a molecule of DNA formed?

A

A molecule of DNA is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain

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13
Q

What does DNA usually consist of?

A

A double strand of nucleotides

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14
Q

Where are the sugar-phosphate chains located?

A

On the outside

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15
Q

What are strands held together by?

A

Chemical bonds between the organic bases

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16
Q

What are the base pairings?

A

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T).
Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G).

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17
Q

What do the paired strands coil into a spiral called?

A

A double helix

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18
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

A double helix

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19
Q

What happens before a cell divides?

A

The DNA strands unwind and separate

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20
Q

Describe the process replication?

A

Before a cell divides, DNA unwind and separate. Each strand makes a new strand by adding the appropriate nucleotides. Resulting in two new double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus.

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21
Q

Where are the nucleotides present in?

A

Nucleotides are present in nucleoplasm. Which is the nuclear equivalent of cytoplasm.

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22
Q

What do the sequence of bases in DNA form?

A

Genetic code

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23
Q

What is a triplet?

A

A group of 3 bases

24
Q

What does a triplet control?

A

Controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell

25
Q

What determines the sort of protein being produced?

A

The different amino acids and the order they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced.

26
Q

What does CAT code for?

A

Valine

27
Q

What does CGA code for?

A

Alanine

28
Q

What is triplet code?

A

A group of 3 bases codes for a specific amino acid

29
Q

When does replication of DNA occur?

A

Before cell division

30
Q

When amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence, what do they make?

A

Part of a protein

31
Q

How are parts of a protein formed?

A

When amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence.

32
Q

Where does the protein build-up take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

33
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribo-nucleic acid

34
Q

The DNA of the nucleus makes a single…

A

The DNA of the nucleus makes a single strand of messenger RNA

35
Q

How can RNA leave the nucleus?

A

Due to how small they are. They can fit through tiny pores in nucleus, out to the cytoplasm.

36
Q

What is the RNA code? Complementary or identical to the nuclear DNA?

A

Complementary

37
Q

What do the proteins build?

A

The proteins build the cell structures

38
Q

What do proteins also make aside from cell structures?

A

Enzymes

39
Q

The DNA controls which …. are made and the …. determine what ….. take place

A

The DNA controls which enzymes are made and the enzymes determine what reactions take place.

40
Q

What do enzymes determine?

A

Enzymes determine what reactions take place

41
Q

What do the structures and reactions in the cell determine?

A

They determine what sort of a cell it is and what function it is

42
Q

How does DNA exert control?

A

DNA exerts control through the enzymes

43
Q

What does a sequence of triplets in the DNA molecule may code for?

A

A complete protein, such a sequence forms a gene

44
Q

How many bases in one gene?

A

There may be a thousand or more bases in one gene

45
Q

How does mutations affect triplet code?

A

Mutations can change letters around which may code different amino acids or STOP which ends the sequence of amino acids.

46
Q

messenger RNA in short

A

mRNA

47
Q

What type of RNA assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

48
Q

Each sequence of three nucleotides is called …

A

A codon

49
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

50
Q

Inside a gene, codes vary in what?

A

Length

50
Q

Explain what is meant by DNA being a “blueprint for a living thing”?

A

DNA is the basic, compulsory coding that every organism must have in order to get created. DNA is the building blocks for a living thing, essentially makes living things what they are.

51
Q

Describe the structure of DNA and the possible base pairs it contains.

A

The structure of DNA is a double helix or a twisted ladder and the possible base pairs are A and T, C and G

52
Q

If 30% of the bases in a particular DNA molecule are guanine (G), calculate the percentage of the bases would be thymine (T). Explain your reasoning.

A

Since 30% of bases are guanine (G), that means its pair, cytosine (C) would also be 30%; making 60% of the DNA already leaving 40%. The 40% is split across Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) each having 20%. So, Thymine would have 20%.

53
Q

A raven’s claws are made out of the protein keratin. Describe how this fact is related to the raven’s genes.

A

The raven’s genes are what codes for the protein Keratin.

54
Q

Define Sex-linked inheritance

A

Characteristics or traits which are influenced by genes carried on sex chromosomes

55
Q

Define autosome inheritance

A

the gene is located on one of the autosomes

56
Q
A

10 Biology (3 decks)

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