Evolution Flashcards
What is the term used to describe the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population?
Evolution
What type of adaptation is the thick body of an armadillo?
Structural/Physical
What type of adaptation is it when lizards voluntarily detach their tail when threatened?
Behavioural
What type of adaptation is the reduced heart rate/breathing of a ground squirrel in hibernation?
Physiological
What type of adaptation are the needles of a blue spruce tree?
Structural/Physical
What do adaptations result from?
Gradual change in characteristics of members within a population over time
Where do variations come from? (2)
Genetic mutaion and sexual repro.
What does a mutation on a red blood cell gene? What advantage does it provide if your a carrier that doesn’t have the disease?
Causes sickle cell anemia and carriers of the mutation who don’t have the disease have increased resistance to malaria.
What is antibiotic resistance?
When a mutation in a bacteria population survive to reproduce more bacteria with that antibiotic resistant mutation.
What is an example of survival of the fittest?
Natural selection, those which a deriable characteristic out live the rest when under a selective pressure.
Which two individuals developed hypotheses to explain natural selection?
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
What are three inferences of the theory of evolution?
- Individuals are in a constant struggle for survival. 2. Individuals with favourable variations are likely to survive and pass on these variations. Natural Selection. 3. Evolution results from favourable characteristics becoming more common.
Is survival random based on Charles Darwin?
No.
What animal did Darwin observe?
Finches
What is divergence?
One or more species arise from a parent species/ common ancestor?
How do fossils provide evidence for the theory of evolution?
Fossils found in upper rock layers resemble organisms alive today. Fossils appear in chronological order and not all organisms appear at the same time.
Why does divergence occur? How does divergence lead to seperate species?
In order to survive, members of the same species compete for resources and finding different niches can increase their chance of survival. When two divergent species are separated for a long enough time. they will adapt/change and interbreeding will no longer become possible.
What is an evidence of divergence?
Darwin noted that species in adjacent lands were more similar than species in similar biomes in other parts of the world.
What do transition fossils show?
Show intermediary links between groups of organisms.
What are homologous structures?
Similiar structural elements and origin but may have different function.
How does biogeography provide evidence for the theory of evolution?
Animals on islands often closely resemble animals found on the closest continent.
What are analogous structures?
Perform similar functions but do not have common evolutionary origins.
What is an example of analogous structures?
Bird wings, dragonfly wings, bat wings.
What is an example of homologous structures?
Human hand, frog leg, bat wing.
How does anatomy provide evidence for the theory of evolution? (2)
Homologous/Analogous structures, and vestigial structures
How does embrylogy provide evidence for the theory of evolution?
The more closely related organisms are, the more the development stage resembles each other.
What are vestigial structures?
Structures still present in modern organisms that serve no purpose, ex appendix.
How does molecular biology/ genetics provide evidence for the theory of evolution? What do all organisms share?
All organisms share similar proteins and DNA.
How do fossils provide evidence for the theory of evolution?
This is the human intervention in the evolution process.
What is taxonomy a study of?
A scientific study of how living things are classified.
What are the two early kingdoms that aristotle grouped organisms in?
Plantae and animalia
What were animals grouped according to in during early classifications?
Size and habitat
What were plants grouped according to in during early classifications?
According to 3 stem types
What was the problem with early classifications?
Where did fungi/mushroom fit in?
What are the 3 domains of life?
Archae, bacteria, Eukarya
What is the kingdom(s) in archae called?
archaebacteria
What is an example of the kingdom protista?
Ameoba
Which domains are prokaryotic? Which are eukaryotic?
Archae/bacteria are prokaryotic (before nucleus), eukarya is eukaryotic (after nucleus)
What is the kingdom(s) in bacteria called?
eubacteria
What is the kingdom(s) in eukarya called?
plantae, animalia. fungi, protista
Were do organisms in the domain archae live?
Extreme consitions such as hot springs and vents.
How do organisms in the archaebacteria kingdom get their nutrients?
Chemosynthesis
How do eubacterian organisms such as e.coli get their nutrients?
Heterotrophic by absorption, autotrophs by photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis
How do members of the plantae kingdom get nutrients?
Photosynthesize to make food (autotrophs)
How do members of the fungi kingdom get nutrients?
Decomposition (heterotrophs)
Are members of the archaebacteria and eubacteria kingdoms single celled or multicelled?
Single-celled
What two kingdoms contain sessile organisms?
Plantae and Fungi
Are members of the fungi kingdom unicellular or multicellular?
Both
What kingdom does mold belong in?
Fungi
How do members of the protista kingdom get their food?
heterotrops (ingest food or decomposers), autotrophs
Are members of the protista kingdom uni or multi cellular?
Both
Cell walls are present in all kingdoms besides two. What are those two kingdoms?
Animalia and protista
What are the full classification of American Elm (plant)?
Eukarya, Plantae, Magnoliophyta, Mangnoliopsida, Urticales, Ulmacea, Ulmus, Ulmus americana
What is the list of classications of an organism?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (DKPCOFGS)
Danish King Phylum Came over for Good Spaghetti
How do you write the species name when handwritten?
Genus is capitalized and underlined. Species is lower case and underlined.
What is the human characterization?
Eukarya, animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates, hominidae, homo, Homo sapiens
How many choices does each step of the dichotomous key have?
Two
What do you call groups that share more nodes in a cladogram?
Ingroups
What do you call a group in a cladogram that shares the least number of nodes?
The outgroup
The closer to the terminal node you are in a cladogram, are you more ingroup or outgroup?
In group
What is a clade?
A group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor. It is the entirety of the brnaches from a target node.
What methods can be used to determine the relationship between species?
DNA/amino acid sequences.
Are cladograms made from analogous traits, homologous traits, or both?
Homologous traits
Will species that share more characteristics be closer together or further on the cladogram?
Closer
What is an example of a group that got split up due to cladistics using genetics?
The Figwort Family (snapdragon family)
What are 3 characteristics of the phyla Bryophyta?
no roots, have rhizoids that dont absorb nutrients like usual plant roots, mosses release spores.
What are 3 characteristics of the phyla filicinophyta?
have leaves, roots, non-woody stems, have large leaves, ex ferns
What is a characteristic of the phyla coniferopyta?
Have needle-like leaves
What is a characteristic of angiosphermaphyta?
Have flowers.
What is a characteristic of poriferas?
Have sponge like appearances.
What is a characteristic of a cnidaria?
Hacve jelly-fish appearances.
What is a characteristic of annelidas?
Ring like structure like worms.
What is a characteristic of arthropodas?
Exoskeletons like spiders, ants.
What is the characteristic of a platyhelmenthia?
Flat soft bodies liek tapeworms
What is the formation of a new species through natural selection called?
Speciation
What are two pathways of generating new species?
Transformation and divergence
What is the differnence between transformation and divergence?
Transformation means one species gradually changes to another while divergence means one or more species arise from a parent species that continues to exist.
What are some ways to seperate populations? (2)
Geographical barriers, biological barriers.
In order for speciation to occur, what must be prevented from breeding?
Populations
Is behaviour a biological barrier?
Yes
What is reproductive isolation?
When speciation occurs due to genetic variation allowing individuals to exploit different resources.
What is adaptive radiation?
The radiation of a common ancestral species into a variety of species which are all differently adapted.
What are the paces of evolution? (2)
Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Long periods of equilibrium interrupted by rapid periods of speciation.
What is needed for speciation to occur?
Genetic mutations.
