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Bio 20 IB > Cellular Respiration/ Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration/ Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Which organisms undergo cell resp?

A

All

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2
Q

What is ATP used for? (4)

A

Active transport, movement of cilia/flagella, muscle contraction, and synthesizing compounds

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3
Q

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

A

ATP has 3 phosphates while ADP has 2.

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4
Q

What stage(s) during cell resp is classified as substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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5
Q

What stage(s) during cell resp is classified as oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron Chain Transport/ Chemiosmosis

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6
Q

Does NAD+ get reduced or oxidized to form NADH+H+?

A

Reduced

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7
Q

Does NADH+H+ get reduced or oxidized to form NAD+ ?

A

Oxidized

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8
Q

How many ATPs are generally made during Cell Resp?

A

36 ATPs

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9
Q

Which part of the mitochondria folds to form cristae?

A

Inner membrane

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10
Q

What is the space between the outer and inner membrane of the mitochondria called?

A

Intermembrane space

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11
Q

What is the central fluid of the mitochondria called? Where is it found?

A

Matrix, found inside the inner membrane.

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12
Q

Why is the cristae highly folded?

A

So larger surface area for many electron transport chains and proton pores such as Atpase.

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13
Q

Why does the intermembrane space have a small volume?

A

So protons will accumulate here with a high concentration.

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14
Q

What does the fluid matrix contain that helps in its function?

A

It contains enzymes and intermediates for the Krebs cycle.

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15
Q

What type of reactions are used throughout cell rep to strip the energy from glucose?

A

Redox reactions (reduction/oxidation)

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16
Q

What is oxidation?

A

A lose of electrons/hydrogens. A gain of oxygen.

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17
Q

What is reduction?

A

A gain of electrons/hydrogens. A loss of oxygens.

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18
Q

What do you call an electron acceptor?

A

Oxidizing agent

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19
Q

What do you call an electron donor?

A

Reducing agent

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20
Q

When an electron is transferred, what is released?

A

Energy

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21
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic

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22
Q

What is the pathway of anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis then fermentation.

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23
Q

What is the net production of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid (pyruvate), 2 ATP (4 made but 2 net), 2 NADH+H+

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24
Q

What is glucose converted into in the first step of glycolysis? What is required for this step to occur?

A

Fructose diphosphate and it requires 2 ATP molecules

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25
Q

What process occurs when glucose is converted into fructose diphosphate?

A

Phosphorylation

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26
Q

Why is TP produced?

A

Fructose diphosphate is an unstable molecule so it falls apart into 2 x 3 carbon triose phosphate.

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27
Q

What is produced when TP changes into G3P?

A

one NADH+H+ per TP molecule

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28
Q

What is produced when G3P is converted into pyruvate?

A

2 ATP molecules per G3P molecule

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29
Q

How many ATP molecules does one NADH +H+ molecule yield?

A

2 ATP molecules

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30
Q

What is needed for pyruvate to be transported by a carrier protein into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Oxygen

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31
Q

What happens if no oxygen is present after glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate is fermented to make lactate (or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast)

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32
Q

What, if not available, will grind glycolysis to a halt?

A

NAD+

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33
Q

Why did anaerobic cell resp evolve in organisms?

A

As a way of recycling NAD+

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34
Q

What happens during lactate fermentation? Where does it occur?

A

NADH+H+ transfers two hydrogens to pyruvate in the cytoplasm

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35
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

A

In the cytoplasm

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36
Q

When pyruvate gains 2 hydrogens, what is it called?

A

Lactate/ lactic acid

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37
Q

What happens during alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate changes to ethanal and carbon dioxide. Ethanal then gains the two hydrogens from NADH+H+ to produce ethanol

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38
Q

Will yeast do some fermentation even when oxygen is present?

A

Yes.

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39
Q

What do respirometers measure?

A

Simple respirometers measure volume changes due to oxygen use.

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40
Q

How do you eliminate the CO2 produced when using a respirometer?

A

Add an alkali (KOH, NaOH, soda lime) which can absorb any CO2 produced

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41
Q

Does the Krebs cycle require oxygen? Where does it occur?

A

Yes, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.

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42
Q

What occurs in the pyruvate link reaction? What is the end product?

A

One pyruvate is decarboxylized (a carbon dioxide is released as waste) and an NAD+ gains 2 hydrogens and 2 electrons from pyruvate. Pyruvate is converted into acetic acid by the end.

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43
Q

How is acetyl-CoA made? What enters the krebs cycle?

A

The acetic acid in the link reaction attaches to coenzyme A. Acetyl-CoA enters the krebs cycle.

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44
Q

If acetyl-CoA is two carbons, how is the 6 carbon citric acid molecule made at the start of the cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA attaches to the 4 carbon oxaloacetate that is at the end of the cycle.

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45
Q

When citric acid becomes a 5c molecule, what is produced?

A

NADH+H+, CO2

46
Q

What is the net production of the krebs cycle including the link reaction? (per pyruvate molecule)

A

4 x NADH+H+, 1 x FADH2, 1 x ATP, 3 x CO2

47
Q

How many times does the krebs cycle run per glucose molecule?

A

Twice

48
Q

Where does ETC occur?

A

On the inner membrane (cristae)

49
Q

When electrons are pulled to stronger electron acceptors in the ETC, what is the final electron acceptor and what does it produce?

A

Oxygen is the last electron acceptor and produces water.

50
Q

What is the energy produced by electrons transferring in the ETC chain used for?

A

To pump protons into the intermembrane space.

51
Q

Name two hydrogen carriers.

A

NADH+H+ and FADH2

52
Q

What pathway do poisons usually block in cell resp?

A

The ETC pathway

53
Q

What is chemiosmosis? Name an example.

A

The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane down their concentration gradient. Hydrogen moving through ATpase to make ATP. It goes from higher concentration to lower concentration.

54
Q

Where do the hydrogens concentrate during the ETC step of cell resp?

A

In the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

55
Q

What process is the energy from protons moving down ATPase used for?

A

The phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP.

56
Q

How many ATPs can NADH+H+ from glycolysis produce?

A

2

57
Q

How many ATPs can NADH+H+ from the krebs cycle produce?

A

3

58
Q

How many ATPs can FADH2 from the krebs cycle produce?

A

2

59
Q

What is the photosynthetic organ of the plant?

A

The leaf

60
Q

Which part of the leaf collects sunlight?

A

The blade

61
Q

What is two examples of ground tissue in a plant?

A

Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.

62
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Carries out photosynthesis.

63
Q

What is stored in the spongy mesophyll? What other function does it conduct?

A

Water and dissolved gases are held. The spongy mesophyll also distributes CO2 and O2 throughout the leaf

64
Q

What does the xylem transport?

A

Water/minerals

65
Q

Does the spongy mesophyll carry out gas exchange with its environment?

A

Yes

66
Q

What does the phloem transport?

A

Sugars

67
Q

What are some dermal tissues? (3)

A

Epidermis, cuticle, stomata (which is controlled by guard cells

68
Q

What sturcture has pores to allow for gas exchange?

A

Stomata

69
Q

What is the role of the guard cells? (2)

A

Controls opening of stomata and can also photosynthesize.

70
Q

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

A

The chloroplast

71
Q

What is in a palisade cell?

A

100s of chloroplasts

72
Q

Draw the chloroplast.

A
73
Q

What is the solution in the chloroplast called?

A

Stroma

74
Q

What is the membrane system that consists of flattened sacs in the chloroplast called?

A

Thylakoid

75
Q

What is a stack of thylakoid called?

A

Grana

76
Q

How many separate membranes does the chloroplast contain?

A

3

77
Q

What are the three spaces in the chloroplast called?

A

Intermembrane space, stroma, and thylokoid space (lumen)

78
Q

Is ATP produced during photosynthesis?

A

Yes

79
Q

Is CO2 oxidized or reduced to form glucose?

A

Reduced

80
Q

What colour is chlorophyll a?

A

Blue-green

81
Q

What colour is chlorophyll b?

A

Yellow-green

82
Q

What two colours do leaves absorb well?

A

Red and Blue

83
Q

What colour do leaves reflect most?

A

Green

84
Q

Can leaves absorb some green light?

A

Yes, accessory pigments like carotenoids can use green light to photosynthesize

85
Q

Draw absorption spectrum and action spectrum for photosynthesize.

A
86
Q

Where does the light-dependent reaction occur?

A

In the thylakoid membrane.

87
Q

Where are the pigments located in the chloroplast?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

88
Q

What is a photosystem a cluster of?

A

Chlorophyll and other pigments.

89
Q

When a photosystem absorbs light, where is the energy passed to?

A

The reaction centre which is a chlorophyll a or b molecule.

90
Q

What is the key to photosynthesis?

A

The fact that energy is harnessed during the electron chain.

91
Q

How can a pigment emit light when it is excited by light?

A

If an excited electron jumps to a higher energy level and then drops back to ground state.

92
Q

What starts of the light dependent reaction?

A

Photolysis, light splits a water molecule so that two electrons travel to PS2 to fill the gap

93
Q

What is the waste product of photolysis?

A

Oxygen

94
Q

Where do protons accumulate during the light-dependent reaction?

A

In the lumen of the thylakoid.

95
Q

What type of light energy does PS2 absorb?

A

P680

96
Q

What type of light energy does PS1 absorb?

A

P700

97
Q

When is ATP produced during photosynthesis? What is the process called? When is this ATP used?

A

During the electron transport system. Process is called phosphorylation. This ATP is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle.

98
Q

Where does the electron of the electron transport system during photosynthesis end up?

A

Fills the gap in PS1.

99
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

NADPH

100
Q

Where does the light independent reaction take place?

A

In the stroma of the chloroplast

101
Q

At the start of the calvin benson cycle, what does CO2 bind to? What enzyme helps?

A

RuBP with the help of RuBisCO

102
Q

Why does GP form?

A

The RuBP and CO2 molecule is unstable and falls apart.

103
Q

What is needed for GP to convert into TP?

A

12 ATP molecules and 12 NADPH+H+ molecules.

104
Q

How many TPs leave to form glucose? How many turns of the calvin benson cycle is required for that?

A

2 TPs leave and 6 turns are required

105
Q

What do the majority of the TP molecules remain in the cycle to do?

A

To help reform RuBP

106
Q

What does TP use to turn into RuBP?

A

6 ATP

107
Q

What are three ways used to measure the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Production of oxygen, uptake of CO2, indirectly by the increase in mass of the plant

108
Q

How do you measure the uptake of carbon dioxide? (2)

A

Using a CO2 probe or change in pH

109
Q

How do you measure the production of oxygen?

A

Counting bubbles, oxygen probes, volume displacement

110
Q

What are three limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Light, CO2, Temperature

111
Q

Is water a limiting factor of photosynthesis?

A

No

Bio 20 IB (6 decks)

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