EVolution

Question 1

The process by which species change across generations

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

Evolutionary theory is usually traced to ideas laid out by

Answer 2

Charles Darwin

Question 3

natural selection

Answer 3

“survival of the fittest.”

• ## individuals within a species vary somewhat in physical and behavioral characteristics that are related to coping successfully with and adapting to their environment.

Question 4

psychodynamic approach (also referred to as the psychoanalytic approach) _sigmund Freud

Answer 4

• human development was determined by unconscious processes
• Much of our behavior and awareness is influenced by the interplay of three intrapsychic (mental) processes. (id, the ego, the superego)

Question 5

Id impusles, the ego and suoerego

Answer 5

id impulse- motivate the individual to seek pleasure or to avoid pain

ego- the rational and conscious part of our personality

Super ego- trigger an individual’s conscience to feel guilty when social norms are violated.

Question 6

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Answer 6

Erikson’s view emphasizes conscious (or ego) forces. In terms of development, his view centers mainly on the effects of social interactions in shaping personality;

Question 7

The core concept of Erikson’s theory is ego identity, which is defined as

Answer 7

a basic sense of who we are as individuals in terms of self-concept and self-image

Question 8

epigenetic principle (erikson)

Answer 8

a biological concept that there is a “plan” built into all living organisms that determines, or at least sets the stage for, development throughout the organism’s lifespan.

Question 9

behaviorism

Answer 9

n thoughts or on the influence of underlying, unconscious process, these theorists

Question 10

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory.

Answer 10

classical conditioning- a form of learning in which a naturally occurring reflex becomes associated with an environmental cue. (salivating before getting food)

• operant conditioning- describes how rewards and punishments exert an influence on our actions. (do actions that lead to positive outcomes, stop actions that lead to negative outcomes)

-social learning theory.

Question 11

Cognitive-developmental theories focus on

Answer 11

thinking, reasoning, and problem solving, with an emphasis on how such processes develop.

Question 12

the process by which organisms change to be more successful in their environments.

Answer 12

adaption