Evolution Flashcards
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection:
It’s central themes revolved around evolution with the definition of “descent with modification”
Evolution can be viewed in two ways what are those two ways?
- as a pattern
- as a process
The gradualistic Concept stated that geologic changes occur slowly. This was a theory of which geologist that also believed in uniformitarianism?
James Hutton (Father of Geology)
What was Thomas Malthus’ Argument
Principle of Population
Catastrophism was an argument of who?
Georges Cuvier, stated that activities are done through a fast process
It was a Theory of both Charles Lyell and James Hutton
Uniformitarianism - geologic changes occur through long periods of time.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck believed in…
acquired traits or the theory of use and disuse
Darwin based his theory of natural selection on what he observed in the real world. These 4 observations were…
- variation
(variation within individuals, inherited for natural selection to be true) - overpopulation
(the ability of a species to produce numerous offspring) - limits on population growth
(resources become limited when there are more indicvduals in a population, may cause competition) - differential reproductive success
(some organisms have better traits than others which help them live longer and reproduce)
Do individuals evolve? TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE. It is the population that does.
Evolutionary change is based on the genes of populations through time
Natural selection can only act on heritable traits that differ within a population. TRUE or FALSE?
True. Traits are heritable in order for natural selection to be true
traits that nature will select is a moing target. TRUE or FLASE?
True. Some characteristics can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the environment.
What are the 8 (eight) evidences of evolution?
- Biogeography
- Geologic history
- continental drift, plate tectonics, pangaea - Paleontology
- FOSSILS - Comparative anatomy
- Homolugous, Analogous and Vestigial structures
- Developmental Biology
- similarities and differences in organisms’ patterns of development
- Molecular Biology
- Artificial Selection
- Resistance/Mutation
EVIDENCES: Biogeography: What is it?
- it is the study of distributions of animals and plants on earth
- continental drifts/plate tectonics
EVIDENCES: Geologic History: What is it?
As continents began to drift apart, the population became geographically isolated in environmental conditions which lead to the diversity of organisms
EVIDENCES: Paleontology
Fossil records show a progression form different organisms and provide a record of ancient organisms. They also provide evidences form preexisting species and how they developed.
EVIDENCES: Comparative Anatomy: What is it?
Homoplasy - features that demonstrate that different organisms with separate ancestries adapt in similar ways.
Comparative Anatomy - existence of vestigial features like the appendix, body hair and wisdom teeth.
EVIDENCES: Developmental Biology
Evidences demonstrate the development of animals is controlled by the same genes meaning that during our zygote phase, we reflect a shared evolutionary history
EVIDENCES: Molecular Biology: What is it?
Our DNA rose from a common ancestor
EVIDENCES: Artificial Selection: What is it?
Selection with the involvement of humans
EVIDENCES: Antibiotic Resistance/Mutation
Occurs when bacterias change in response to the use of these medicines and therefore creates a resistance to them.
Evolution pertains to the what of the population over generations
change in the allele frequencies
it is the smallest level of organization where evolution can happen
population
One of the key elements needed for evolution to happen is genetic and phenotypic variation. What are they?
genetic - variations in the genetic composition
phenotypic - traits of individuals
it is the differences among individuals based on their DNA.
Genetic variation
- it is reflected through phenotypic variation in terms of their characteristics and traits
What are the 4 sources of genetic variation?
Mutation
- change in the genetic sequence of an individual, it is random and only ones that happen in sex cells contribute to the evolution
Alteration of gene number
- results in errors in cell division
- these may accumulate over time and will give rise to new traits or phenotypes
Rapid reproduction
- usually in unicellular organisms that will increase the probability of mutation in a population
Sexual Reproduction
- incudes variation since the genes of the parents are being shuffled
