Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

The gradual change or development of something

Question 2

Cladogram

Answer 2

A family tree that shows evolutionary relationships

Question 3

Analogous structures

Answer 3

Structures that are similar in different organisms because it involved in a similar environment

Question 4

Macro evolution

Answer 4

The change that occurs at or above the level of species over long periods of time

Question 5

Cladogenesis

Answer 5

And evolutionary splitting event where a parent species splits into two distinct species forming a Claude

Question 6

Anagenesis

Answer 6

Ancestor species gradually accumulate the changes and eventually when enough is accumulated the species is sufficiently distinct and different enough from its starting form to be labelled a new species

Question 7

Adaptive radiation

Answer 7

The burst of divergence from a single lineage to give rise to many new species from a single ancestor

Question 8

Gradualism

Answer 8

Hypothesis that species evolved by small changes over a long period of time

Question 9

Punctuated equilibrium

Answer 9

The speed at which revolution takes place

Question 10

Gene flow

Answer 10

The movement of genes between populations

Question 11

Genetic drift

Answer 11

A process that produces random changes in the frequency of characteristics in a population

Question 12

Artificial selection

Answer 12

The process of selecting and breeding organisms with desirable characteristics to produce offspring with those characteristics that will be of some use to humans

Question 13

Inbreeding

Answer 13

Mating of closely related individuals

Question 14

Outbreeding

Answer 14

Mating of individuals not closely related

Question 15

Population

Answer 15

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular habitat

Question 16

Species

Answer 16

A group of similar organisms that can interbreed with one another and produce offspring which is also able to reproduce with similar organisms

Question 17

Founder effect

Answer 17

The loss of genetic variation when a small number of individuals from a larger population establish a new colony

Question 18

Convergent evolution

Answer 18

The process during which species that are not question related to each other independently evolve similar kinds of traits to adapt to similar environments of ecological niches

Question 19

Divergent evolution

Answer 19

The process in which a trait held by a common ancestor evolves into different variations over time

Question 20

Speciation

Answer 20

The evolution of formation of new species that are genetically distinct from older parental species

Question 21

Geographic speciation

Answer 21

A new species is formed as a result of the whole or part of a population become in geographically isolated from ancestral species

Question 22

Sympatric speciation

Answer 22

A new species arises in the same area as ancestral species without any geographical isolation

Question 23

Reproductive isolation

Answer 23

Mechanisms that prevents two or more species from exchanging genes

Question 24

Polyploidy

Answer 24

The Doubling or even trebling of the two basic set of chromosomes

Question 25

Adaptation

Answer 25

A state that evolved because it improved reproductive performance, to which survival contributes. Also, the process that produces that state

Question 26

Altruism

Answer 26

Behaviour that benefits others at a cost to oneself

Question 27

Ancestral population

Answer 27

A population from an earlier time in Earth’s history that gave rise to current populations after evolution.

Question 28

Autosome

Answer 28

A chromosome not involved in sex determination

Question 29

Clone

Answer 29

A group of genetically identical individuals

Question 30

Coevolution

Answer 30

Evolutionary changes in one species causes an evolutionary change in another closely dependent species, which in turn induce further evolutionary changes in the first, and so forth.

Question 31

Density dependent selection

Answer 31

Selection that favours traits at different population densities.

Question 32

Density independent selection

Answer 32

The same trait value is favoured under all densities

Question 33

Fitness

Answer 33

Relative lifetime reproductive success, which includes the probability of surviving to reproduce

Question 34

Genetic bottleneck

Answer 34

A temporary reduction in population size, that causes some alleles to be lost and other alleles to remain in the population.

Question 35

Homology

Answer 35

Identity of traits in two or more species by descent from a common ancestor.

Question 36

Homologous structures

Answer 36

Characteristics in a group of organisms that have the same fundamental structure but are adapted to benefit the organism in different environments

Question 37

Mutation

Answer 37

Any change in the nucleic acid sequence of an organism, either a point mutation, a deletion, an insertion, or a chromosomal rearrangement. Mutations may be beneficial, detrimental or neutral in their effect.

Question 38

Natural selection

Answer 38

The mechanism through which genes are removed from a population due to the phenotype not being fit enough for survival of the organism.

Question 39

Phylogenetic trait analysis

Answer 39

A comparative method in which one constructs a phylogenetic tree to show the relatedness of organism in the same phylum.

Question 40

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 40

A pattern seen in many but not all lineages in the fossil record, in which a long period of stasis (low rate of speciation) is broken by a short period of rapid change (high rate of speciation).

Question 41

Biogeography

Answer 41

the geographical distribution of plants and animals