evolution

Question 1

Indigenous concepts

Answer 1

humans originated last of all of the living things and have the most to learn from other plants and animals.

Question 2

 Aristotle

Answer 2

ladder of life

Question 3

 Lamarck

Answer 3

thought individuals could get traits they needed

Question 4

 Cuvier

Answer 4

thought that organisms did not evolve over time because any change in an organism would make it unable to survive.

Question 5

 Malthus

Answer 5

thought that the human population would skyrocket if not for natural controls such as famine and disease

Question 6

 Charles Darwin

Answer 6

Species change, and this change is due to the environment selecting for certain traits, used artificial selection to prove that species can change

Question 7

 James Hutton and Charles Lyell

Answer 7

argued that the formation of Earth’s crust took place through countless small changes occurring over vast periods of time

Question 8

Adaptive radiation

Answer 8

when many different species come from a common ancestor. Eg, Darwin’s finches that have many beak forms

Question 9

Allopatric speciation

Answer 9

• when a population of a species is separated by a physical barrier
• the Darwin Finch is an example for allopatric speciation, geographical barrier was the ocean that separated the islands from south America.

Question 10

Sympatric speciation

Answer 10

• when species form with no geographic barrier in place.

Question 11

Species

Answer 11

group of living organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 12

Hybrid

Answer 12

offspring resulting from the crossbreeding of two different species, humans Intentionally breed for their own needs

Question 13

Gradual model of speciation

Answer 13

new species arise slowly over time through small genetic changes

Question 14

punctuated equilibrium model

Answer 14

speciation (a group within a species separates from other members of its species and develops its own unique characteristics) occurs rapidly in isolated populations

• Both Gradual model of speciation and punctuated equilibrium model models can coexist and explain different patterns of speciation in different species.

Question 15

Micro evolution

Answer 15

Small-scale changes that occur within a population over time. It can be observed through changes in the frequencies of alleles.
Eg, pesticide resistance in insects

Question 16

macro evolution

Answer 16

evolution on a large scale when enough of those small scale changes happen and new species are made

Question 17

Mechanisms of Microevolution

Answer 17

Mutation- Random change to a gene’s DNA sequence.

Genetic drift- Random fluctuations in the frequency of alleles in a population over time. can lead to the loss of genetic diversity in a population.

Gene flow- Transfer of genes from one group to another as a result of interbreeding or migration. Can introduce new genetic variation into a population

Question 18

Evolution acts use all of the following

Answer 18

• natural selection,
• Stabilizing selection, reduction in variation
• Disruptive selection, increases variation
• Directional selection, favors individuals with a particular trait that provides an advantage in a specific environment.
• Sexual selection, secondary sexual traits, like the peacock’s tail, or courtship dances for birds.

Question 19

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 19

• Very large population
• no migration
• no mutation
• no natural selection
• random mating

Question 20

Rates of Macro-Evolution (Gradualism)

Answer 20

Gradualism (evolution by creeps)
- large evolutionary changes in a species occur slowly and steadily due to many small changes
- rate is constant

Question 21

Rates of Macro-Evolution (Punctuated Equilibrium)

Answer 21

Punctuated Equilibrium (evolution by jerks)
- Major environmental events can cause rapid change/speciation followed by periods of little or no change

Question 22

Rates of Macro-Evolution (Founder effects)

Answer 22

• Change in allele frequencies that result from a small number of organisms that inhabit a new area
• These organisms will not contain all genes of parent population

Question 23

Rates of Macro-Evolution (Bottleneck Effect)

Answer 23

• Due to drastic reduction in population (natural disaster)
• Certain alleles will become over- or under-represented in future offspring