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Science > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Two or more species originate from same species and become increasingly different over time.

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2
Q

analogous structures

A

is a trait or an organ that appears similar in two unrelated organisms (dolphin and shark fin)

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3
Q

anatomical homology

A

similar body structures among different species from a common ancestor

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4
Q

convergent evolution

A

process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

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5
Q

speciation

A

formation of new species

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6
Q

vestigal structure

A

a structure that an organism has that is no longer useful to it, but that they have this structure because a common ancestor to that organism found it useful

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7
Q

gene pool

A

is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.

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8
Q

Natural selection

A

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

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9
Q

relative allele frequency

A

number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur

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10
Q

artificial selection

A

Humans choosing which organisms to breed.

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11
Q

homologous structures

A

evidence that two species share a common ancestor

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12
Q

biodiversity

A

describes the variation of plant and animal life.

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13
Q

habitat

A

is a place where an organism lives

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14
Q

Ecosystem

A

self-sustaining unit made up of a community of living things interacting with and within a particular habitat

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15
Q

species diversity

A

number of different species within an ecosystem

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16
Q

genetic diversity

A

range of genetic characteristics within a single species, codes for variation in phenotypes

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17
Q

structural adaptations

A

structure of an organisms body

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18
Q

behavioural adaptations

A

change in an organisms behaviour

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19
Q

physiological adaptations

A

internal function of an organism

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20
Q

if there is no variation what will happen to the species

A

it will either die out or survive

21
Q

Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection

A 
1.variation
overproduction
2.selection pressure
3survival advantage
4.reproduction and inheritance
5. change over time
22
Q

variation of genotypes occurs due to what?

A 
mutation
meiosis (random assortment of chromosomes into gametes)
Crossing over (meiosis)
23
Q

who were the two scientists that first proposed evolution through natural selection

A

Darwin and wallace

24
Q

what is genetic drift

A

change in allele frequency

25
Q

adaptive radiation

A

evolution of many different species from one common ancestor

26
Q

parallel evolution

A

when two species arise from a common ancestor because their environments are similar develop similar features

27
Q

primates

A

humans, monkeys, apes, oragutans, chimpanzees

28
Q

ability to walk on two legs is called what

A

bipedalism

29
Q

allopatric speciation

A

geographic separation occurs due to a physical barrier that stops species from interbreeding (river)

30
Q

sympatric speciation

A

speciation occurring when the populations are in the same location

31
Q

humans scientific name is what

A

homo sapiens

32
Q

what are fossils

A

records of life preserved in rocks, they show continuous change

33
Q

rosellas

A

divergent evolution

34
Q

adaptation

A

is a characteristic of an organism that improves its chance of surviving and reproducing in a particular environment (variations in phenotypes)

35
Q

as the frequency of favourable alleles in the population increase the population will become

A

better suited to its environment

36
Q

steps of natural selection

A 
VSSRC
Variation
Selection pressure
Survival advantage
Reproduction
Change over time
37
Q

how can mutations in genes become beneficial

A

if the environment changes

38
Q

what defines a separate species

A

if they cannot reproduce sexually to create fertile offspring

39
Q

how can we see evolutionary lineage of life

A

by compaaring various structures

40
Q

how are fossils formed

A

when living things are buried they are decomposed and may be preserved. rocks may form around it and mineral fill the gap.

41
Q

lamarks incorrect laws

A

the law of use-a characteristic that is used extensively by an organism becomes larger and stronger

the law of disuse-those that are not used eventually disappear

the law of inheritance of acquired characteristics-
an organism could pass these modifications to their offspring

42
Q

common examples where natural selection has been observed

A

peppered moth-industrial revolution

43
Q

3 steps of allopatric speciation

A
  1. geographic separation
  2. natural selection
  3. reproductive isolation
44
Q

changes to human skull

A

environmental conditions were changing rapidly so humans common ancestors were required to do problem solving, so the environment sleeted for those with a bigger brain, they were smarter, could adapt, find shelter and food and reproduce. so they passed on the trait for a bigger brain. the frequency increased now humans have a bigger brain.

45
Q

3 types of structures

A

homologous (whale flipper and human limb-divergent evolution)
analogous (convergent evolution)
vestigal

46
Q

where are the oldest and youngest fossils found

A

oldest at the bottom

youngest at the top

47
Q

did humans evolve from apes

A

no we share a common ancestor

48
Q

bipedalism

A

s-shaped spine to be able to walk for longer distances s

49
Q

what is DNA sequencing?

A

samples of DNA from different organisms, the number of differences tell you how long go we shared a common ancestor

Science (6 decks)

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