Evolution Flashcards
The universe is ___ years old .
20 billion years
what does the BIG BANG theory explain ?
Singular huge explosion
Universe expanded
Temperature came down
Hydrogen and helium formed some time later
Gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies 🌌
In the Milky Way galaxy , earth was supposed to be formed about ______ years back .
4.5 billion years back
There was no ___on early earth .
Atmosphere
On early earth , _____ , ____,_____ and ____ released from molten mass covered the surface .
Water vapour
Methane
CO2
Ammonia
The UV rays from the sun broke up ____ into ____and ____ and the lighter ___ escaped .
Water
Hydrogen
Oxygen
H2
UV rays broke up water into hydrogen and oxygen . What happens to hydrogen and oxygen afterwards ?
Hydrogen escaped
Oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water , CO2 and others
Oxygen combined with ____and ____ to form water , CO2 and others .
Ammonia
Methane
What happened when the ozone layer formed was cooled ?
The water vapour fell as rain to fill all the depressions and form oceans .
Life appeared _____ years after the formation of earth .
500 million years
Life appeared ___ years back .
4 billion years back
What did early Greek thinkers think ?
Units of life called SPORES were transferred to diff planets including earth .
What was the theory of spontaneous generation ?
Life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw , mud , etc .
______, by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life .
Louise Pasteur
Louise Pasteur showed that in PRE-STERILISED FLASKS , life did not come from _____ while in another flask open to air , new living organisms arose from _____ .
Killed yeast
Killed yeast
Louise Pasteur dismissed ___theory for ever .
Spontaneous generation
Ozone layer was formed first or the oceans were formed first ?
Ozone - which cooled and fell as rain to fill the depressions on earth
Explain briefly the BIG BANG theory -
1) singular huge explosion —> universe expanded —> temp came down
2) H2 and He formed some time later
3) gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies
4) water vapour , methane and CO2 and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface of earth
5) UV rays broke water into H2 and oxygen
6) H escaped and oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water ,CO2 and others .
7) ozone layer was formed
8) as it cooled ,the water vapour fell as rain 🌧 to fill depressions and form oceans
What did operon and haldane propose ?
1) life came from pre-existing non-living organic molecules -RNA ,proteins
2) formation of life was preceded by CHEMICAL EVOLUTION
What is chemical evolution ?
Formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents .
Oparin was from ____ and Haldane from ____ .
Russia
England
Life came from pre-existing NON-LIVING ORGANIC molecules was proposed by -
Oparin and haldane
According to oparin and haldane ,the conditions on earth were ______,___and ___.
High temp
Volcanic eruption 🌋
Reducing atmosphere - CH4 ,NH3
In the year ____ , ____an American scientists created similar conditions in a lab scale . ( conditions proposed by oparin and haldane )
1953
S.L.Milller
S.L.Miller was an _____scientist .
American
In S.L.Miller’s experiment , he created ____ in a closed flask containing ____,___,____and ______at ____ degree .
Electrical discharge CH4 H2 NH3 Water vapour 800 C
S.L.Miller observed formation of _____after his experiment .
Amino acids
In experiments similar to that of miller , others observed formation of ____ , ____,_____ and ____ .
Sugars
N2 bases
Pigment
Fats
Analysis of _____ revealed similar compounds ( similar to ones obtained from millers exp ) indicating that similar processes are occurring elsewhere in space .
Meteorite content
Chemical evolution was accepted when and why ?
After millers exp
The 1st non-cellular forms of life could have originated ___years back .
3 billion
The 1st non-cellular forms of life could have been ______ .
Giant molecules -RNA , Protein , Polysacchrides
The 1st cellular forms of life did not possibly originate till about ____ years ago .
2000 million years ago
The 1st cellular forms of life were probably _____.
Single-cells
All life forms were in ______environment only .
Water
This version of a _____i.e ., the 1st form of life arose slowly through evolutionary forces from NON-LIVING molecules is accepted by Majority .
Biogenesis
The theory of special creation has how many connotations ? What ?
3
All living organisms as we see today were created as such
Diversity was always the same since creation and will be the same in the future .
Earth is about 4000 years old
In the 19th century , based on his observations during a sea voyage in a ship called ____ round the world , Charles Darwin concluded that -
HMS Beagle
Gradual evolution of life forms. ( existing living organisms share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but also with life forms that existed million of years ago .
The fitness of indivisual or population refers ultimately to ______ .
Reproductive fitness
According to Darwin , those who are better fit in an environment -
Leave more progeny
Mechanism of evolution given by Darwin -
Natural selection
___, a naturalist who worked in _____ had also come to the same observations as those given by Darwin around the same time .
Alfred Wallace
Malay archipelago
The ___history of earth closely corrected with the ____ history of earth .
Geological
Biological
A study of fossils in dif ___ indicates the ____ period in which they existed .
Sedimentary layers
Geological
The study of fossils showed that life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time -spans . All this is called _______ .
Palaentological evidence
Embryological support for evolution was also proposed by -
Ernst Heckel
Embryological support was proposed by heckel based upon the observation of certain features during ______ common to _____ .
Embryonic stage
All Vertebrates THAT ARE ABSENT IN ADULT
Give an example of embryological support for evolution -
The embryos of all vertebrates including humans develop a row of vestigial gill slit just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other ADULT vertebrates .
Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by _____ .
Karl Ernst Von Baer
What were the observations of Karl Ernst Von Baer on the basis of which he disapproved embryological support ?
Embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals .
All mammals share similarities in the ______ .
Pattern of bones of forelimbs
Forelimbs of diff MAMMALS perform diff functions , but they have similar ______ .
Anatomical structures - all have humerus , radius , ulna ,carpals , metacarpals and phalanges
Forelimbs of all mammals is an example of _____evolution ,
Divergent
Homologous structures
______indicates COMMON ANCESTRY .
HOMOLOGY
Give examples of homologous structures -
Vertebrate heart
Vertebrate brains
Thorn and tendrils of bougainvillea and cucurbita is an example of -
HOMOLOGY
Wings of butterfly and birds is an example of -
Analogy
Wings of butterfly are not _____structures though they perform ______ functions .
Anatomically similar
Similar
Convergent evolution is _____ structures evolving for _____ function , hence having similarity .
Diff
Same
Eye of octopus and mammals i an example of -
Convergent
Analogy
Flippers of ____and _____ is an example of convergent evolution .
Penguin
Dolphins
Thorn of _____and tendrils of. ______ represent HOMOLOGY .
Bougainvillea
Cucurbita
Sweet potato and potato is an example of -
Analogy
Sweet potato is a modification of _____and potato is a modification of _____ .
Root
Stem
Similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to ______ .
Common ancestry - HOMOLOGY
An interesting observation su[porting evolution comes from-
England
In a collection of moths made in the year_____ it was observed that there were more white -winged moths on trees than dark winged or melanised . In a collection carried out from the same area but after industrialization , i,.e in year____ , there were more dark winged or melanised moths .
1850s -before industrialization set up
1920s
During post -industrialization , the tree trunks became _ due to ____and ____ .
Dark
Smoke and soot
Before industrialization set in , _____covered the trees and camouflaged white -winged moths .
Thick growths of almost white-coloured lichens
In areas where industrialization did not occur e.g., rural areas , the count of _____ moths was low .
Melanic moths (dark)
Excessive use of herbicides , pesticides , etc , has only resulted in ____ in a much lesser time scale .
Selection of resistant varieties
_____is true for microbes against which we employ antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic organisms/cell .
Selection of resistant varieties
Resistant organisms are appearing in a time sale of ____or ___ and not ____ .
Months
Years
Centuries
Appearance of resistant organisms is an example of _____ .
Evolution by Anthropogenic action
Give 2 examples of evolution by anthropogenic action -
1) herbicide /pesticide resistance
2) antibiotic /drug resistance
Evolution is not a ____ process in sense of determinism . It is a _____process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organisms .
Directed
Stochastic
During his journey , Darwin went to _____ .
Galapagos island
On Galapagos island , Darwin found ___ birds called Darwin’s finches , which evolved on _____ .
Small black
Galapagos island itself
From the original ______ features , many other forms with ____ arose , enabling the finches to become _____and _____ .
Seed-eating
Altered beaks
Insectivorous
Vegetarian finches
Process of evolution of ______ in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats ) is called _____ .
Diff species
Adaptive radiation
Darwins finches represent the best example of _____ .
Adaptive radiation
Australian marsupials are an example of -
Adaptive radiation
A number of marsupials , each ____(diff / similar) to the other evolved from an Ancestral stock but all within the Australian island continent .
Diff from the other
When more than one ______ appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area (representing diff habitats) one can call this ____ .
Adaptive radiation
Convergent evolution
_____in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation .
Placental mammals
Placenta mammals also exhibit adaptive radiation , in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals , each of which appears to be ___to a ____ .
Similar
Corresponding marsupial
Placental wolf is similar to ______ marsupial .
Tasmanian wolf 🐺
Anteater - placental mammal is similar to _________ marsupial .
Numbat ( anteater )
Lemur -______ is similar to spotted cuscus -______ .
Placental mammal
Australian marsupial
Flying squirrel is a ___and is similar to _____ which is a ____ .
Placental mammal Flying phalanger (Australia marsupial )
Tasmanian tiger cat is a _____and is similar to _____ which is a ____ .
Australian marsupial
Bobcat
Placental mammal
The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is _____ .
Natural selection
The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the ____ or the _____ .
Life cycle
Life span
A colony of bacteria growing on a given medium has built in variation in terms of _____ .
Ability to utilise a feed component
Nature selects for _____ .
Fitness
So-called fitness is based on the characters that are _____. Hence , there must be a ____for getting selected and to evolve .
Inherited
Genetic basis
______ability is inherited .
Adaptive
——-is the. End result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature .
Fitness
______and. ______are the 2 key concepts of Darwinian theory of evolution .
Branching descent
Natural selection
Lamarck existed before or after Darwin -
Before
Even before Darwin. Who had said that evolution of life forms had occurred .
Lamarck
Before Darwin , a ____ - Lamarck had said that evolution of life forms had occurred but driven by _____.
French naturalist
Use and disuse of organs
Give an example by lack to show use and disuse of organs -
Giraffe - in an attempt to forage leaves on tall trees had to adapt by elongation of their necks . They passed on this squired character to succeeding generations .
We treat evolution as a consequence of a proces called _______ .
Natural selection
The works of ______ on _____ influenced Darwin .
Thomas Malthus
Population
natural selection is based on certain observations which are _____ .
Factual
Natural resources are ___ , populations are stable in ___ except for _____ , members of a population vary in characteristics .
Limited
Size
Seasonal fluctuation
The fact that theoretically population size will grow ____ if everybody reproduced maximally and the fact that population size is really limited , means there had been _____ .
Exponentially
Competition for resources
The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was -
Variations which are inheritable and which make resource utilisation better for few will enable only those to reproduce and leave more progeny
Darwin ignored or kept silent on which proposal ofmendel ?
Inheritable factors influence uencing phenotype
Hugo de vries based on his work on _____ brought forth the idea of ____ .
Evening primrose
Mutation
In the 1st decade of the __Century , __worked on evening primrose .
20th century
Hugo de vries
Hugo de vries believed that it is _____ that causes evolution and not _____ .
Mutation Minor variations ( heritable )
Mutations are ______and _____ while Darwinian variations are _____and ____ .
Mut - random , directionless
Var - small , directional
Evolution for Darwin was ____ .
Gradual
DeVries believed mutation caused ___ and hence called it _____
Speciation
Saltation
Saltation meaning -
Single step - large mutation
Hardy-Weinberg principle says that ______is STABLE and is constant from generation to generation .
Allele freq in a population
The gene pool comprises of ____and their _____ in a population.
Total genes
Alleles
What is genetic equilibrium ?
The gene POOL remains a constant
P2 +2pq+ q2=1 is a ___expression of ( p+q)_2 .
Binomial
Disturbance in genetic eq or hardy -Weinberg eq i,e,. Change in the feq of alleles , would be interpreted as resulting in _____ .
Evolution
_____factors are known to affect hardy-Weinberg eq . Name -
5
1) gene migration /gene flow
2) genetic drift
3) mutation
4) genetic recombination
5) natural selection
When MIGRATION of a section of population to another place and population occurs , ____change in the original as well as in the new population . ____are added to the new pop and removed from the old pop .
Gene freq
New genes /alleles
There would be a ____ if this gene migration happens multiple times .
Gene flow
If gene migration occurs by chance , then it is called _____ .
Genetic drift
Sometimes , the change in allele freq is so diff in the news sample of population they become a _____ .
Diff species
What is founders effect ?
When he change in allele freq is so diff in the new sample of population that they become a diff species . The original drifted population becomes founders .
_____experiments show that per -existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of _____ .
Microbial
New phenotypes
Over few generations , selected advantageous mutations resulting in new phenotypes would result in ____ .
Speciation
___is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny .
Natural selection
Natural selection can lead to ____ , _____or _____ .
Stabilization
Directional change
Disruption
In _____ , more individuals acquire mean character value .
In ____, more indi acquire value other than the mean character value .
In______ , more indi acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve .
Stabilization
Directional change
Disruption
(Natural selection types )
Coupled to enhanced reproductive success, natural selection makes it look like ____.
Diff population
About ____yrs ago , the 1st cellular forms of life appeared on earth .
2000 million yrs ago
The mechanism of how non-cellular aggregates of giant macromolecules could evolve into cells with membranous envelop i not known . T/F
T
The 1st cellular forms of life had the ability to release ___ .
O2
The O2 evolving rxns in the 1st cellular forms of life could have been similar to the ____ rxn in _____ .
Light rxn
Photosynthesis
(Where- water is split with the help of solar energy captured and channelized by appropriate light harvesting pigments)
Soon single celled organisms became ____ forms .
Multicellular life
By the time of ___ ,invertebrates were formed and active .
500 mya
Jawless fish evolved around ___ mya .
350 mya
Sea weeds and few plants existed probably around _____mya .
320 mya
The 1st organisms that invaded land were ____ .
Plants
Fish with ___and _____ fins could move on land and go back to water .
Stout
Strong fins
Fish with stout and strong fins could move on land and go back to water . This was around _____ mya .
350 mya
In 1938 , a fish caught in South Africa happened to be a ____ which was thought to be extinct .
Coelacanth
_____ animals called LOBEFINS evolved into the 1st AMPHIBIANS (that lived on both land and water )
Coelacanth
_______are the ancestors of modern day frogs and Salamanders .
LOBEFINS ( coelacanth )
In _____ , a fish caught in ____ happened to be a Coelecanth .
1938
South Africa
Coelacanth is extinct or not ?
It was though to be extinct till 1938
The amphibians evolved into _____ .
Reptiles
What are the characteristics of eggs layer by reptiles which are unlike those of amphibians -
Reptiles = lay thick-shelled eggs which do not dry up in the sun unlike those of amphibians .
In the next ______ yrs or so , reptiles of diff shapes and sizes dominated on earth .
200 million yrs or so
____were present but they fell to form cal deposits slowly . ( in Mesozoic era - in Jurassic period )
Giant ferns / pteridophytes
Some of the land reptiles (dinosaurs) went back into water to evolve into fish -like reptiles probably ______ mya .
200 mya
Give an example of a land reptile(dynosaur) that went back to after to evolve into a fish-like reptile .
Ichthyosaurs
The biggest dynosaur was _____ , with a height of _____ and huge dagger like teeth .
Tyrannosaurus rex
20 feet
About ____ , the dynosaurs suddenly disappeared from earth .
65 mya
What are the probability reasons for the extinction of dynosaurs ?
1) climatic change
2) may have evolved into birds
The 1st mammals were like ____ .
Shrews
The fossils of the 1st mammals are ______ sized .
Small sized
Mammals were more intelligent in ____ at least .
Sensing and avoiding danger
When reptiles came down ,____took over this earth .
Mammals
There were mammals in South America resembling _____,____,_____,___etc .
Horse
Hippopotamus
Bear
Rabbit
Due to continental DRIFT ,_____ joined______ .
South America
North America
What happened due to continental drift ?
South American mammals - horse ,hippopotamus, bear , rabbit were overridden by North American fauna .
Due to the same continental drift ( that overrid South American fauna) , ______survived due to ______ .
Pouched mammals of Australia
Lack of competition from any other mammal
Horses , hippopotamus , rabbit and bear were the fauna of ___ .
South America
Name some mammals that live wholly in water -
Whales
Dolphins
Seals
Sea cows
The most successful story is the evolution of man with ____and ____ .
Language skills
Self consciousness
About ____ , primates called DRYOPITHECUS and RAMAPITHECUS were existing .
15 mya
_____were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees .
DRYOPITHECUS
Ramapithecus
_____was more man like while _____ was more ape-like .
Ramapithecus
DRYOPITHECUS
Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered from _____and _____.
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Fossils from Ethiopia and Tanzania revealed ____features leading to the belief that about __ mya , man-like primates walked in Eastern Africa .
Hominid
3-4 mya
About 3-4 mya , man-like primates walked in ____ .
Eastern Africa
Man-like primates in Eastern Africa in 3-4 mya were not taller than _____ , but walked ___ .
4 feet
Upright
2 mya , ___ probably lived in East African grasslands .
Australopithecus
Australopithecus hunted with _____but essentially ate ____ .
Stone weapons
Fruits
The creature ( with diff bones ) called the 1st human -like being the ___ and was called ____ .
Hominid
Homo habilis
The brain capacity of homo habilis -
650-800 mya
_____ probably did not eat meat .
Homo habilis
Fossils discovered in _____ in ____ year revealed the next stage ( next to homo habilis ) homo erectus .
Java
1891
__probably ate meat .
Homo erectus
Australopithecus were found around ____ mya .
2 mya
Neanderthal man with brain capacity _____ lived in _____and ____ .
1400 cc
Near east and Central Asia
Neanderthal man lived in near east and central ASIA around _____ yrs back .
1,00,000-40,000
_____used hides to protect their body .
Neanderthal man
______ buried their dead .
Neanderthal man
Homo sapiens arose in ______ and moved across diff continents and developed into distinct races .
Africa
Modern homo shape is arose during ____ .
Ice age
During the ice age btw ________ yrs ago , modern homo sapeins arose .
75,000-10,000
Pre-historic cave art developed. About ______ yrs ago .
18,000 yrs ago
One cave painting by pre-historic humans can be seen in _____ .
Bhimbetka rock shelter in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.
Agriculture came around_____yrs back and human settlements started .
10,000
