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Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

The universe is ___ years old .

A

20 billion years

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2
Q

what does the BIG BANG theory explain ?

A

Singular huge explosion
Universe expanded
Temperature came down
Hydrogen and helium formed some time later
Gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies 🌌

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3
Q

In the Milky Way galaxy , earth was supposed to be formed about ______ years back .

A

4.5 billion years back

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4
Q

There was no ___on early earth .

A

Atmosphere

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5
Q

On early earth , _____ , ____,_____ and ____ released from molten mass covered the surface .

A

Water vapour
Methane
CO2
Ammonia

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6
Q

The UV rays from the sun broke up ____ into ____and ____ and the lighter ___ escaped .

A

Water
Hydrogen
Oxygen
H2

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7
Q

UV rays broke up water into hydrogen and oxygen . What happens to hydrogen and oxygen afterwards ?

A

Hydrogen escaped

Oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water , CO2 and others

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8
Q

Oxygen combined with ____and ____ to form water , CO2 and others .

A

Ammonia

Methane

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9
Q

What happened when the ozone layer formed was cooled ?

A

The water vapour fell as rain to fill all the depressions and form oceans .

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10
Q

Life appeared _____ years after the formation of earth .

A

500 million years

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11
Q

Life appeared ___ years back .

A

4 billion years back

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12
Q

What did early Greek thinkers think ?

A

Units of life called SPORES were transferred to diff planets including earth .

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13
Q

What was the theory of spontaneous generation ?

A

Life came out of decaying and rotting matter like straw , mud , etc .

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14
Q

______, by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only from pre-existing life .

A

Louise Pasteur

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15
Q

Louise Pasteur showed that in PRE-STERILISED FLASKS , life did not come from _____ while in another flask open to air , new living organisms arose from _____ .

A

Killed yeast

Killed yeast

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16
Q

Louise Pasteur dismissed ___theory for ever .

A

Spontaneous generation

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17
Q

Ozone layer was formed first or the oceans were formed first ?

A

Ozone - which cooled and fell as rain to fill the depressions on earth

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18
Q

Explain briefly the BIG BANG theory -

A

1) singular huge explosion —> universe expanded —> temp came down
2) H2 and He formed some time later
3) gases condensed under gravitation and formed the galaxies
4) water vapour , methane and CO2 and ammonia released from molten mass covered the surface of earth
5) UV rays broke water into H2 and oxygen
6) H escaped and oxygen combined with ammonia and methane to form water ,CO2 and others .
7) ozone layer was formed
8) as it cooled ,the water vapour fell as rain 🌧 to fill depressions and form oceans

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19
Q

What did operon and haldane propose ?

A

1) life came from pre-existing non-living organic molecules -RNA ,proteins
2) formation of life was preceded by CHEMICAL EVOLUTION

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20
Q

What is chemical evolution ?

A

Formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents .

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21
Q

Oparin was from ____ and Haldane from ____ .

A

Russia

England

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22
Q

Life came from pre-existing NON-LIVING ORGANIC molecules was proposed by -

A

Oparin and haldane

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23
Q

According to oparin and haldane ,the conditions on earth were ______,___and ___.

A

High temp
Volcanic eruption 🌋
Reducing atmosphere - CH4 ,NH3

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24
Q

In the year ____ , ____an American scientists created similar conditions in a lab scale . ( conditions proposed by oparin and haldane )

A

1953

S.L.Milller

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25
Q

S.L.Miller was an _____scientist .

A

American

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26
Q

In S.L.Miller’s experiment , he created ____ in a closed flask containing ____,___,____and ______at ____ degree .

A 
Electrical discharge 
CH4
H2
NH3
Water vapour 
800 C
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27
Q

S.L.Miller observed formation of _____after his experiment .

A

Amino acids

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28
Q

In experiments similar to that of miller , others observed formation of ____ , ____,_____ and ____ .

A

Sugars
N2 bases
Pigment
Fats

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29
Q

Analysis of _____ revealed similar compounds ( similar to ones obtained from millers exp ) indicating that similar processes are occurring elsewhere in space .

A

Meteorite content

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30
Q

Chemical evolution was accepted when and why ?

A

After millers exp

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31
Q

The 1st non-cellular forms of life could have originated ___years back .

A

3 billion

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32
Q

The 1st non-cellular forms of life could have been ______ .

A

Giant molecules -RNA , Protein , Polysacchrides

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33
Q

The 1st cellular forms of life did not possibly originate till about ____ years ago .

A

2000 million years ago

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34
Q

The 1st cellular forms of life were probably _____.

A

Single-cells

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35
Q

All life forms were in ______environment only .

A

Water

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36
Q

This version of a _____i.e ., the 1st form of life arose slowly through evolutionary forces from NON-LIVING molecules is accepted by Majority .

A

Biogenesis

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37
Q

The theory of special creation has how many connotations ? What ?

A

3
All living organisms as we see today were created as such
Diversity was always the same since creation and will be the same in the future .
Earth is about 4000 years old

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38
Q

In the 19th century , based on his observations during a sea voyage in a ship called ____ round the world , Charles Darwin concluded that -

A

HMS Beagle
Gradual evolution of life forms. ( existing living organisms share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but also with life forms that existed million of years ago .

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39
Q

The fitness of indivisual or population refers ultimately to ______ .

A

Reproductive fitness

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40
Q

According to Darwin , those who are better fit in an environment -

A

Leave more progeny

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41
Q

Mechanism of evolution given by Darwin -

A

Natural selection

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42
Q

___, a naturalist who worked in _____ had also come to the same observations as those given by Darwin around the same time .

A

Alfred Wallace

Malay archipelago

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43
Q

The ___history of earth closely corrected with the ____ history of earth .

A

Geological

Biological

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44
Q

A study of fossils in dif ___ indicates the ____ period in which they existed .

A

Sedimentary layers

Geological

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45
Q

The study of fossils showed that life forms varied over time and certain life forms are restricted to certain geological time -spans . All this is called _______ .

A

Palaentological evidence

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46
Q

Embryological support for evolution was also proposed by -

A

Ernst Heckel

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47
Q

Embryological support was proposed by heckel based upon the observation of certain features during ______ common to _____ .

A

Embryonic stage

All Vertebrates THAT ARE ABSENT IN ADULT

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48
Q

Give an example of embryological support for evolution -

A

The embryos of all vertebrates including humans develop a row of vestigial gill slit just behind the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and not found in any other ADULT vertebrates .

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49
Q

Embryological support for evolution was disapproved by _____ .

A

Karl Ernst Von Baer

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50
Q

What were the observations of Karl Ernst Von Baer on the basis of which he disapproved embryological support ?

A

Embryos never pass through the adult stages of other animals .

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51
Q

All mammals share similarities in the ______ .

A

Pattern of bones of forelimbs

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52
Q

Forelimbs of diff MAMMALS perform diff functions , but they have similar ______ .

A

Anatomical structures - all have humerus , radius , ulna ,carpals , metacarpals and phalanges

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53
Q

Forelimbs of all mammals is an example of _____evolution ,

A

Divergent

Homologous structures

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54
Q

______indicates COMMON ANCESTRY .

A

HOMOLOGY

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55
Q

Give examples of homologous structures -

A

Vertebrate heart

Vertebrate brains

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56
Q

Thorn and tendrils of bougainvillea and cucurbita is an example of -

A

HOMOLOGY

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57
Q

Wings of butterfly and birds is an example of -

A

Analogy

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58
Q

Wings of butterfly are not _____structures though they perform ______ functions .

A

Anatomically similar

Similar

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59
Q

Convergent evolution is _____ structures evolving for _____ function , hence having similarity .

A

Diff

Same

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60
Q

Eye of octopus and mammals i an example of -

A

Convergent

Analogy

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61
Q

Flippers of ____and _____ is an example of convergent evolution .

A

Penguin

Dolphins

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62
Q

Thorn of _____and tendrils of. ______ represent HOMOLOGY .

A

Bougainvillea

Cucurbita

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63
Q

Sweet potato and potato is an example of -

A

Analogy

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64
Q

Sweet potato is a modification of _____and potato is a modification of _____ .

A

Root

Stem

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65
Q

Similarities in proteins and genes performing a given function among diverse organisms give clues to ______ .

A

Common ancestry - HOMOLOGY

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66
Q

An interesting observation su[porting evolution comes from-

A

England

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67
Q

In a collection of moths made in the year_____ it was observed that there were more white -winged moths on trees than dark winged or melanised . In a collection carried out from the same area but after industrialization , i,.e in year____ , there were more dark winged or melanised moths .

A

1850s -before industrialization set up

1920s

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68
Q

During post -industrialization , the tree trunks became _ due to ____and ____ .

A

Dark

Smoke and soot

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69
Q

Before industrialization set in , _____covered the trees and camouflaged white -winged moths .

A

Thick growths of almost white-coloured lichens

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70
Q

In areas where industrialization did not occur e.g., rural areas , the count of _____ moths was low .

A

Melanic moths (dark)

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71
Q

Excessive use of herbicides , pesticides , etc , has only resulted in ____ in a much lesser time scale .

A

Selection of resistant varieties

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72
Q

_____is true for microbes against which we employ antibiotics or drugs against eukaryotic organisms/cell .

A

Selection of resistant varieties

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73
Q

Resistant organisms are appearing in a time sale of ____or ___ and not ____ .

A

Months
Years
Centuries

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74
Q

Appearance of resistant organisms is an example of _____ .

A

Evolution by Anthropogenic action

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75
Q

Give 2 examples of evolution by anthropogenic action -

A

1) herbicide /pesticide resistance

2) antibiotic /drug resistance

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76
Q

Evolution is not a ____ process in sense of determinism . It is a _____process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation in the organisms .

A

Directed

Stochastic

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77
Q

During his journey , Darwin went to _____ .

A

Galapagos island

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78
Q

On Galapagos island , Darwin found ___ birds called Darwin’s finches , which evolved on _____ .

A

Small black

Galapagos island itself

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79
Q

From the original ______ features , many other forms with ____ arose , enabling the finches to become _____and _____ .

A

Seed-eating
Altered beaks
Insectivorous
Vegetarian finches

80
Q

Process of evolution of ______ in a given geographical area starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography (habitats ) is called _____ .

A

Diff species

Adaptive radiation

81
Q

Darwins finches represent the best example of _____ .

A

Adaptive radiation

82
Q

Australian marsupials are an example of -

A

Adaptive radiation

83
Q

A number of marsupials , each ____(diff / similar) to the other evolved from an Ancestral stock but all within the Australian island continent .

A

Diff from the other

84
Q

When more than one ______ appeared to have occurred in an isolated geographical area (representing diff habitats) one can call this ____ .

A

Adaptive radiation

Convergent evolution

85
Q

_____in Australia also exhibit adaptive radiation .

A

Placental mammals

86
Q

Placenta mammals also exhibit adaptive radiation , in evolving into varieties of such placental mammals , each of which appears to be ___to a ____ .

A

Similar

Corresponding marsupial

87
Q

Placental wolf is similar to ______ marsupial .

A

Tasmanian wolf 🐺

88
Q

Anteater - placental mammal is similar to _________ marsupial .

A

Numbat ( anteater )

89
Q

Lemur -______ is similar to spotted cuscus -______ .

A

Placental mammal

Australian marsupial

90
Q

Flying squirrel is a ___and is similar to _____ which is a ____ .

A 
Placental mammal 
Flying phalanger (Australia marsupial )
91
Q

Tasmanian tiger cat is a _____and is similar to _____ which is a ____ .

A

Australian marsupial
Bobcat
Placental mammal

92
Q

The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is _____ .

A

Natural selection

93
Q

The rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the ____ or the _____ .

A

Life cycle

Life span

94
Q

A colony of bacteria growing on a given medium has built in variation in terms of _____ .

A

Ability to utilise a feed component

95
Q

Nature selects for _____ .

A

Fitness

96
Q

So-called fitness is based on the characters that are _____. Hence , there must be a ____for getting selected and to evolve .

A

Inherited

Genetic basis

97
Q

______ability is inherited .

A

Adaptive

98
Q

——-is the. End result of the ability to adapt and get selected by nature .

A

Fitness

99
Q

______and. ______are the 2 key concepts of Darwinian theory of evolution .

A

Branching descent

Natural selection

100
Q

Lamarck existed before or after Darwin -

A

Before

101
Q

Even before Darwin. Who had said that evolution of life forms had occurred .

A

Lamarck

102
Q

Before Darwin , a ____ - Lamarck had said that evolution of life forms had occurred but driven by _____.

A

French naturalist

Use and disuse of organs

103
Q

Give an example by lack to show use and disuse of organs -

A

Giraffe - in an attempt to forage leaves on tall trees had to adapt by elongation of their necks . They passed on this squired character to succeeding generations .

104
Q

We treat evolution as a consequence of a proces called _______ .

A

Natural selection

105
Q

The works of ______ on _____ influenced Darwin .

A

Thomas Malthus

Population

106
Q

natural selection is based on certain observations which are _____ .

A

Factual

107
Q

Natural resources are ___ , populations are stable in ___ except for _____ , members of a population vary in characteristics .

A

Limited
Size
Seasonal fluctuation

108
Q

The fact that theoretically population size will grow ____ if everybody reproduced maximally and the fact that population size is really limited , means there had been _____ .

A

Exponentially

Competition for resources

109
Q

The novelty and brilliant insight of Darwin was -

A

Variations which are inheritable and which make resource utilisation better for few will enable only those to reproduce and leave more progeny

110
Q

Darwin ignored or kept silent on which proposal ofmendel ?

A

Inheritable factors influence uencing phenotype

111
Q

Hugo de vries based on his work on _____ brought forth the idea of ____ .

A

Evening primrose

Mutation

112
Q

In the 1st decade of the __Century , __worked on evening primrose .

A

20th century

Hugo de vries

113
Q

Hugo de vries believed that it is _____ that causes evolution and not _____ .

A 
Mutation 
Minor variations ( heritable )
114
Q

Mutations are ______and _____ while Darwinian variations are _____and ____ .

A

Mut - random , directionless

Var - small , directional

115
Q

Evolution for Darwin was ____ .

A

Gradual

116
Q

DeVries believed mutation caused ___ and hence called it _____

A

Speciation

Saltation

117
Q

Saltation meaning -

A

Single step - large mutation

118
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle says that ______is STABLE and is constant from generation to generation .

A

Allele freq in a population

119
Q

The gene pool comprises of ____and their _____ in a population.

A

Total genes

Alleles

120
Q

What is genetic equilibrium ?

A

The gene POOL remains a constant

121
Q

P2 +2pq+ q2=1 is a ___expression of ( p+q)_2 .

A

Binomial

122
Q

Disturbance in genetic eq or hardy -Weinberg eq i,e,. Change in the feq of alleles , would be interpreted as resulting in _____ .

A

Evolution

123
Q

_____factors are known to affect hardy-Weinberg eq . Name -

A

5

1) gene migration /gene flow
2) genetic drift
3) mutation
4) genetic recombination
5) natural selection

124
Q

When MIGRATION of a section of population to another place and population occurs , ____change in the original as well as in the new population . ____are added to the new pop and removed from the old pop .

A

Gene freq

New genes /alleles

125
Q

There would be a ____ if this gene migration happens multiple times .

A

Gene flow

126
Q

If gene migration occurs by chance , then it is called _____ .

A

Genetic drift

127
Q

Sometimes , the change in allele freq is so diff in the news sample of population they become a _____ .

A

Diff species

128
Q

What is founders effect ?

A

When he change in allele freq is so diff in the new sample of population that they become a diff species . The original drifted population becomes founders .

129
Q

_____experiments show that per -existing advantageous mutations when selected will result in observation of _____ .

A

Microbial

New phenotypes

130
Q

Over few generations , selected advantageous mutations resulting in new phenotypes would result in ____ .

A

Speciation

131
Q

___is a process in which heritable variations enabling better survival are enabled to reproduce and leave greater number of progeny .

A

Natural selection

132
Q

Natural selection can lead to ____ , _____or _____ .

A

Stabilization
Directional change
Disruption

133
Q

In _____ , more individuals acquire mean character value .
In ____, more indi acquire value other than the mean character value .
In______ , more indi acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve .

A

Stabilization
Directional change
Disruption
(Natural selection types )

134
Q

Coupled to enhanced reproductive success, natural selection makes it look like ____.

A

Diff population

135
Q

About ____yrs ago , the 1st cellular forms of life appeared on earth .

A

2000 million yrs ago

136
Q

The mechanism of how non-cellular aggregates of giant macromolecules could evolve into cells with membranous envelop i not known . T/F

A

T

137
Q

The 1st cellular forms of life had the ability to release ___ .

A

O2

138
Q

The O2 evolving rxns in the 1st cellular forms of life could have been similar to the ____ rxn in _____ .

A

Light rxn
Photosynthesis
(Where- water is split with the help of solar energy captured and channelized by appropriate light harvesting pigments)

139
Q

Soon single celled organisms became ____ forms .

A

Multicellular life

140
Q

By the time of ___ ,invertebrates were formed and active .

A

500 mya

141
Q

Jawless fish evolved around ___ mya .

A

350 mya

142
Q

Sea weeds and few plants existed probably around _____mya .

A

320 mya

143
Q

The 1st organisms that invaded land were ____ .

A

Plants

144
Q

Fish with ___and _____ fins could move on land and go back to water .

A

Stout

Strong fins

145
Q

Fish with stout and strong fins could move on land and go back to water . This was around _____ mya .

A

350 mya

146
Q

In 1938 , a fish caught in South Africa happened to be a ____ which was thought to be extinct .

A

Coelacanth

147
Q

_____ animals called LOBEFINS evolved into the 1st AMPHIBIANS (that lived on both land and water )

A

Coelacanth

148
Q

_______are the ancestors of modern day frogs and Salamanders .

A

LOBEFINS ( coelacanth )

149
Q

In _____ , a fish caught in ____ happened to be a Coelecanth .

A

1938

South Africa

150
Q

Coelacanth is extinct or not ?

A

It was though to be extinct till 1938

151
Q

The amphibians evolved into _____ .

A

Reptiles

152
Q

What are the characteristics of eggs layer by reptiles which are unlike those of amphibians -

A

Reptiles = lay thick-shelled eggs which do not dry up in the sun unlike those of amphibians .

153
Q

In the next ______ yrs or so , reptiles of diff shapes and sizes dominated on earth .

A

200 million yrs or so

154
Q

____were present but they fell to form cal deposits slowly . ( in Mesozoic era - in Jurassic period )

A

Giant ferns / pteridophytes

155
Q

Some of the land reptiles (dinosaurs) went back into water to evolve into fish -like reptiles probably ______ mya .

A

200 mya

156
Q

Give an example of a land reptile(dynosaur) that went back to after to evolve into a fish-like reptile .

A

Ichthyosaurs

157
Q

The biggest dynosaur was _____ , with a height of _____ and huge dagger like teeth .

A

Tyrannosaurus rex

20 feet

158
Q

About ____ , the dynosaurs suddenly disappeared from earth .

A

65 mya

159
Q

What are the probability reasons for the extinction of dynosaurs ?

A

1) climatic change

2) may have evolved into birds

160
Q

The 1st mammals were like ____ .

A

Shrews

161
Q

The fossils of the 1st mammals are ______ sized .

A

Small sized

162
Q

Mammals were more intelligent in ____ at least .

A

Sensing and avoiding danger

163
Q

When reptiles came down ,____took over this earth .

A

Mammals

164
Q

There were mammals in South America resembling _____,____,_____,___etc .

A

Horse
Hippopotamus
Bear
Rabbit

165
Q

Due to continental DRIFT ,_____ joined______ .

A

South America

North America

166
Q

What happened due to continental drift ?

A

South American mammals - horse ,hippopotamus, bear , rabbit were overridden by North American fauna .

167
Q

Due to the same continental drift ( that overrid South American fauna) , ______survived due to ______ .

A

Pouched mammals of Australia

Lack of competition from any other mammal

168
Q

Horses , hippopotamus , rabbit and bear were the fauna of ___ .

A

South America

169
Q

Name some mammals that live wholly in water -

A

Whales
Dolphins
Seals
Sea cows

170
Q

The most successful story is the evolution of man with ____and ____ .

A

Language skills

Self consciousness

171
Q

About ____ , primates called DRYOPITHECUS and RAMAPITHECUS were existing .

A

15 mya

172
Q

_____were hairy and walked like gorillas and chimpanzees .

A

DRYOPITHECUS

Ramapithecus

173
Q

_____was more man like while _____ was more ape-like .

A

Ramapithecus

DRYOPITHECUS

174
Q

Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered from _____and _____.

A

Ethiopia

Tanzania

175
Q

Fossils from Ethiopia and Tanzania revealed ____features leading to the belief that about __ mya , man-like primates walked in Eastern Africa .

A

Hominid

3-4 mya

176
Q

About 3-4 mya , man-like primates walked in ____ .

A

Eastern Africa

177
Q

Man-like primates in Eastern Africa in 3-4 mya were not taller than _____ , but walked ___ .

A

4 feet

Upright

178
Q

2 mya , ___ probably lived in East African grasslands .

A

Australopithecus

179
Q

Australopithecus hunted with _____but essentially ate ____ .

A

Stone weapons

Fruits

180
Q

The creature ( with diff bones ) called the 1st human -like being the ___ and was called ____ .

A

Hominid

Homo habilis

181
Q

The brain capacity of homo habilis -

A

650-800 mya

182
Q

_____ probably did not eat meat .

A

Homo habilis

183
Q

Fossils discovered in _____ in ____ year revealed the next stage ( next to homo habilis ) homo erectus .

A

Java

1891

184
Q

__probably ate meat .

A

Homo erectus

185
Q

Australopithecus were found around ____ mya .

A

2 mya

186
Q

Neanderthal man with brain capacity _____ lived in _____and ____ .

A

1400 cc

Near east and Central Asia

187
Q

Neanderthal man lived in near east and central ASIA around _____ yrs back .

A

1,00,000-40,000

188
Q

_____used hides to protect their body .

A

Neanderthal man

189
Q

______ buried their dead .

A

Neanderthal man

190
Q

Homo sapiens arose in ______ and moved across diff continents and developed into distinct races .

A

Africa

191
Q

Modern homo shape is arose during ____ .

A

Ice age

192
Q

During the ice age btw ________ yrs ago , modern homo sapeins arose .

A

75,000-10,000

193
Q

Pre-historic cave art developed. About ______ yrs ago .

A

18,000 yrs ago

194
Q

One cave painting by pre-historic humans can be seen in _____ .

A

Bhimbetka rock shelter in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh.

195
Q

Agriculture came around_____yrs back and human settlements started .

A

10,000

Genetics (3 decks)

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