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Philosophy ALEVEL > Evil And Suffering > Flashcards

Evil And Suffering Flashcards

1
Q

Moral evil

A

Evil acts committed by humans

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2
Q

Natural evil

A

Naturally occurring evil beyond humans control

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3
Q

Natural evil examples

A

Hurricanes
Earthquakes
Floods

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4
Q

Moral evil examples

A

Bullying
Rape
Murder

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5
Q

Genesis and evil

A

Adam and Eve brought moral sin by disobeying God

Punished by a flood - natural evil

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6
Q

What are the two problems of evil

A

Logical

Evidential

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7
Q

What is the logical problem of evil

A

The problem that God and evil cannot exist at the same time

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8
Q

What is a God of classical Theism

A

What we expect God to be like

Omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omniscient

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9
Q

Three important scholars for logical problem of evil

A

Epicurus
Hume
Mackie

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10
Q

What did Epicurus say for the logical problem of evil

A

Is God willing to prevent evil but not able then he is not omnipotent
is he able but not willing then he is not malevolent is he both able and willing then whence evil

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11
Q

What did David Hume say about logical problem of evil

A

Either God is not omniscient/omnipotent
Or God is not omnibenevolent
Or evil does not exist
Since evil exists, God does not.

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12
Q

What did Mackie create for logical problem of evil

A

Inconsistent Triad
God is (a) omniscient/omnipotent and (b) omnibenevolent
However (c) evil exists
Therefore either (a) or (b) must be logically inconsistent and therefore wrong

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13
Q

What are the three solutions to the logical problem of evil

A

Denying Gods omnipotents
Denying Gods omnibenevolence
Denying evil exists

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14
Q

What is the solution to denying Gods omnipotence

A

If God is not omnipotent than the solution is simple he is not able to control evil and so cannot be blamed for its continued existence

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15
Q

What is the problem to denying Gods omnipotence

A

God who is not omnipotent would not be worthy of worship

A none omnipotent God would not be a God

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16
Q

What is the problem of denying Gods benevolence

A

Unthinkable

God is good and loving is a support to those who experience evil and the basis of future hope for life in heaven

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17
Q

Quote to show Gods omnibenevolencew

A

God shall wipe away every tear from their eyes

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18
Q

Solution to denying evil exists

A

Proposed by Augustine

Evil is privation of Good doesn’t exist in its own right but in absence of good

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19
Q

Problem to denying evil exists

A

Insensitive

This who have experienced power of evil see it as being as Tangible as goodness

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20
Q

What is the evidential problem of evil

A

Evil that is overwhelming in quantity and quality

Unnecessary/ pointless evil

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21
Q

How is the problem of evil made worse

A

Gods omniscience

He knows and still allows evil and suffering to continue

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22
Q

Natural evil example of the sheer amount of evil

A

Permion Triassic extinction

90% marine 70% land species disappeared via natural disasters including asteroid strike

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23
Q

Quote for permion Triassic extinction

A

NASA “almost the perfect crime”

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24
Q

William Rowes metaphors for pointless evidential problem of evil

A

Fawn died in forest fire cause we by lightening strike
Burnt in pain and agony for several days
Pointless suffers and dies alone
No human knows so no good can come from it
How can God still be omniscient

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25
Q

What is free will

A

Human beings free to make one choices in life

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26
Q

Free will defence

A

God had given up control over human actions in order to bring about greater good
Humans choose own actions and so morally responsible for those actions

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27
Q

What is genuine free will

A 
Need all three
Permission 
Ability 
Opportunity 
Take away one of these and free will in relation to God is an illusion
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28
Q

To defend the FWD you have to prove…

A

Free will necessarily leads to moral evil - intrinsically linked
Results of having free will are worth the price

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29
Q

Criticisms of FWD

A

Mackie says”:
Logically possible for God to make human race both free and good
God didn’t do this therefore he isn’t a God of classical Theism or he doesn’t exist

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30
Q

Response to Mackie a criticism of the free will defence

A

Logically inconsistent point

God can’t do the logically impossible to make someone both free and always do good is contradictory

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31
Q

What was Mackie account of the FWD

A

3rd order good - god gave us free will
2nd order good - our action
1st order good - feelings if good or bad

32
Q

Who is Mackie

A

An atheist

33
Q

Who is Swinburne

A

British philosopher

Philosophical arguments on the existence of God

34
Q

Swinburne on the free will defence

A

Logically necessary for human development we have the freedom to choose both good and evil

35
Q

How did Swinburne Contradict himself

A

Believed God could perform miracles

So why doesn’t he intervene in the immense evil for example the Holocaust

36
Q

What does Swinburne say the problem of evil is

A

Humans abusing their God-given free well

37
Q

For Swinburne why does God allow us to have free will

A

Moral and natural evil are necessary for human development
Freedom to make choice between good and evil
God chooses to allow free will so we can live enriches life
Gif plan

38
Q

Libertarianism

A

We have a degree free well so we can be held morally responsible for our actions

39
Q

Casual determinism

A

Every action or event has been determined by a prior action or event so humans don’t have free well

40
Q

Who is Alvin plantinga

A

American Philosopher

41
Q

Planting as criticism to Mackies criticism of the free will defence

A

You clearly would never be free at all never free to choose

must have a real choice between options

42
Q

Three points to Augustinian theodicy

A

Gods goodness and the goodness of the world
Original sin
Evil as a privation

43
Q

Who developed the Augustinian theodicy

A

At Augustine

Early Christian and philosopher and theologian

44
Q

What is theodicy

A

An argument that suggests God is right to allow the existence of evil and suffering because in some way or another they are necessary

45
Q

Augustinian theodicy

Gods goodness and the goodness of the world

A 
God is good 
God created a perfect world 
“so what I made and it was good”
evil did not come from God 
God made a perfect world 
evil comes from decisions made by humans
46
Q

Augustinian Theodicy

Original sin

A

Humans lost immortality and felt consequences of misusing free will
Adams descendants inherited first sin
Punished for our immoral doings
Seminally present - sperm of Adam passes original sin on

47
Q

Augustinian Theodicy

Evil is a privation

A

Evil isn’t really a thing in itself
Absence of good
Privatio buni

48
Q

Three criticisms of Augustinian theodicy

A

Moral
Logical
Scientific

49
Q

Moral criticism of Augustinian theodicy

A

Not fair

Why should we be paying for the mistakes of Adam

50
Q

Logical criticism of the Augustinian Theodicy

A

If God created perfectly good world could never go wrong humans are able to choose between evil
So evil must’ve existed in the first place God didn’t make a perfect world then
therefore God is to blame for evil and suffering

51
Q

Scientific criticism of Augustinian theodicy

A

Nature - survival of fittest things dies so others can live. God must have made it this way

Belief of Genesis challenges evolution

Seminally present in Adam - no dna helix for original sin

52
Q

Strengths of Augustinian theodicy

A

Explains why we have desire to do wrong - original sin

Gods omnibenevolent - Jesus’ crucifixion + gods plan

53
Q

Weaknesses of Augustinian theodicy

A

God is unjust by allowing humans to be punished by Adams sin
Existence of hell contradicts omni benevolent God
Hell being a part of the universe design shows that God knew there be evil in the world so why would he still allow it to happen
Not reasonable to say that evil is not a thing

54
Q

Soul making

A

Suffering ultimately makes people develop into better human beings

55
Q

Who is Saint Iranaeus

A

Early church father

56
Q

What is the irenaean theodicy

A

God deliberately created an imperfect world
So humans could develop into perfect beings
So evil and suffering are apart of gods plan for humanity

57
Q

Strengths of the iranaean theodicy

A

Biblical based mankind made in image of God so support by Christians
Shows why God allows evil. God can’t compromise our development by intervention
Evil is necessary and worth it
Provided a goal to strive for
Gradually develop - evolution

58
Q

Criticism of iranaean theodicy

A

Suffering does not always result in positive human development can cause misery
love can never be expressed by allowing suffering to happen
why does God allow the suffering of the innocent

59
Q

What is an epistemic distance

A

God keeps his distance from humanity in order to not overwhelm them

60
Q

Counterfactual hypothesis

A

I’ve got interferes than humans cannot develop

61
Q

Who is hick

A

Philosophy of religion and theologian

62
Q

Who was Hicks inspired by

A

Agrees with iranaeus point that humans were not made imperfectly in the beginning we have the ability to develop spiritually by God

63
Q

Hicks theory

A

God allows humans to develop themselves
If God made us perfect then we would have the goodness of robots
God wants humans to be genuinely loving and therefore give them free will

64
Q

And Hicks argument why is there a distance between God and humans

A

If God interfered humans wouldn’t be to make free choices and wouldnt benefit from the development process
Counter factual hypothesis God created humans are an epistemic distance from himself a distance of knowledge

65
Q

List objections to hicks theodicy

A

Does not address animal suffering as they cannot develop spiritually

epistemic distance doesn’t resolve
pointless evil

it doesn’t justify the worst evils

66
Q

Hicks response to his theodicy not addressing animal suffering

A

Pain warns animal of danger
animals do not fear death
animals exist to stop us from realising our special nature and they have to suffer to an extent that is beyond our understanding

67
Q

Hicks responding to the criticism of the epistemic distance not resolving pointless evil

A

Gods plan remains a mystery in order for us to freely choose a relationship with him

68
Q

Hicks response to the criticism of his theodicy not justifying the worst evils

A

If the worst evils be removed then something else would become the worst evil the more evil remove the less free we will be

69
Q

Hicks quotes on his theodicy

A

Vale of soul making

Not to be robots

70
Q

Who is whitehead

A

English philosopher

71
Q

Who is griffin

A

Took the process of theology and turned it into a process theodicy
American philosopher

72
Q

In a nutshell what is process theology

A

Belief that God is not omnipotent
the world isn’t creation Ex nihilo 
University is continually part of the unfolding process of creation
God is apart of creation

73
Q

Whiteheads quote

A

The fellow sufferer who understands

74
Q

Grifffins quote

A

It is necessarily the case that God cannot completely control the creatures

75
Q

Criticisms of process theodicy

A

Denies God is omnipotent - worth worship?

Not omnibenevolent - can’t be as he doesn’t know everyone’s

Allows suffering and wrong doing

Animals don’t understand why they suffer - means nothing to them that God is a fellow sufferer

Abandons Christian concepts of creation

Why did he start a process he can’t control

76
Q

Strengths of process theodicy

A

God doesn’t stop suffering because he can’t

God suffers which is encouraging that he is going through the same thing as us

No certainty God will triumph in the end so why join the fight

God is not transcendent so cannot intervene to eliminate evil

God did not create the universe out of nothing but chaotic matter

77
Q

What is process theodicy 

A

Pantheistic belief Gods soul is the universe

The world is connected with God

He’s only partly involved with creation

He does not process total control he is persuasive



Philosophy ALEVEL (3 decks)

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