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Diagnostics and Therapeutics > Evidence-based Medicine > Flashcards

Evidence-based Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

For prognosis questions, the perfect study is a large

A

Prospective cohort study

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2
Q

For diagnosis questions, the perfect study for “instant” diagnostics is a large

A

Cross-sectional study

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3
Q

For “follow-up” diagnostic questions, the perfect study is a large

A

Prospective cohort

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4
Q

For intervention/exposure questions, the perfect study is a large

A

RCT

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5
Q

How are diagnostic, prognostic study outcomes reported?

A

Sensitivity, specificity, LR, and ROC statistic

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6
Q

We can also use predictive value in certain populations to report the diagnostic/prognostic study outcomes. But this will be

A

Population-specific

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7
Q

Estimate of precision of results

A

Confidence interval (CI)

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8
Q

How are the intervention/exposure study outcomes reported?

A

ARR, RRR, NNT/H/S, and also P value

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9
Q

Probability of finding this level of association when the null hypothesis is true, due completely to CHANCE

A

P value

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10
Q

The conventional cut-off value for statistical significance of P is?

A

Less than 0.05

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11
Q

Provides an estimate of the precision of the results AND statistical significance (how far away is the interval from the null result)

A

Confidence interval

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12
Q

Refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids confounding (more than one possible independent variable [cause] acting at the same time)

A

Internal validity

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13
Q

Are your patients and situation similar enough that you think you can apply the results to them? I.e. is there generalizability?

A

External validity

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14
Q

What are three major flaws to an observational study?

A

Confounding, selection bias, recall bias

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15
Q

What are some of the problems we see with RCT’s?

A

Expensive and time-consuming, randomization/concealment issues, and inadequate blinding/placebo

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16
Q

If patients are taking a drug in a trial but have to drop out because of the side effects, we need to perform

A

Intention-to-treat analysis

17
Q

Good for hypothesis-generating. Generates “translational” research

A

Bench/animal research

18
Q

Points out rare or new threats, e.g. AIDS, Zika, unknown drug effects

-Hypothesis generating

A

Case series

19
Q

Snapshot of individuals in a population

–Can directly measure or survey

A

Cross-sectional study

20
Q

Survey outcomes subject to recall bias, and all are subject to confounding

A

Cross-sectional study

21
Q

Best for evaluating a test with instant reference, establishing prevalence

-Can look for time trends

A

Cross-sectional study

22
Q

Snapshot of population inputs and outcomes

A

Ecological study

23
Q

Best for hypothesis generation and risky exposures

A

Ecological study

24
Q

Best for - uncommon outcomes (e.g. folate decreasing neural tube defects); and risky exposures

A

Case control study

25
Q

Good for hypothesis generation and can also be hypothesis-testing

A

Case-control study

26
Q

One of the major disadvantages of a case-control study is that it is probably most subject to

A

Confounding/bias

27
Q

Best for – diagnosis or prognosis questions based on information usually captured in routine care; risky or rare exposures; long time-frame issues (e.g. radiation exposure)

A

Retrospective Cohort study

28
Q

Subject to confounding, missing information, and loss to follow-up

A

Retrospective cohort study

29
Q

Best for – diagnostic test or prognosis questions; risky or rare exposures

-Ex: Framingham heart study

A

Prospective cohort

30
Q

Expensive/time-consuming and subject to confounding and loss to follow-up

A

Prospective cohort study

31
Q

Really a type of retrospective cohort, but without any individual records review

-Best for – rare outcomes, post-marketing surveillance

A

“Big Data” studies (Ex: pharmacoepidemiology)

32
Q

Best for – common illnesses; efficacy and common harms of interventions: treatment, screening, prevention, or diagnostic/therapeutic strategy

A

RCT

33
Q

Disadvantages – therapeutic equipoise limits; expensive/time-consuming; external validity; surrogate or composite outcomes; cross-overs, non-adherence, co-interventions

A

RCT

34
Q

Best for – questions lacking a good large study, or with multiple high-quality studies

A

Systematic review

Diagnostics and Therapeutics (12 decks)

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