Evidence Based Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

EBM - formula

AR, ARR, RR, RRR, NNT, OR

A

Absolute risk
- number of events in treated or control group, divided by number of people in that group

Absolute risk reduction
- ARC - ART

Relative risk
- ART/ARC

Relative risk reduction

  • (ARC-ART)/ARC
  • 1 - RR

Number needed to treat
- 1/ARR

Odds ratio

  • odds that a case was exposed/odds that a control was exposed
  • AD/BC
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2
Q

Sensitivity

A

Sensitivity: how often a test shows pathology when it is present.

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3
Q

Specificity

A

Specificity: how often a test is normal when no pathology is present.

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4
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Negative predictive value: likelihood of the patient not having the disease when the test is negative.

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5
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Positive predictive value: likelihood of the patient having the disease when the test is positive.

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6
Q

Odds ratio

A

Odds ratio: association between an exposure and outcome.
● OR = 1 (no difference)
● OR >1 (negative)
● OR <1 (protective)

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7
Q

Number needed to treat

A

Number needed to treat: number of people needed to be treated to achieve one good outcome or prevent one adverse outcome.

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8
Q

False negative

A

False negative: diseased person incorrectly identified as healthy.

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9
Q

False positive

A

False positive: health person incorrectly identified as diseased.

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10
Q

Incidence

A

Incidence: number of new cases of disease occurring in a defined population within a specified period of time.

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11
Q

Prevalence

A

Prevalence: total number of individuals who have the disease at a particular time in a population.

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12
Q

Case control

A

Case control (retrospective): observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute.

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13
Q

Cross-sectional

A

Cross-sectional (or prevalence): observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset,
at a specific point in time

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14
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Meta-analysis: systematic assessment of randomised controlled trials by merging data to draw a ‘firmer’ conclusion from larger numbers or subjects.

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15
Q

Cohort study

A

Cohort (or prospective): longitudinal study that samples a cohort, performing a cross-section at intervals through time

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16
Q

Clinical controlled trial

A

Clinical controlled trial: The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all.