Evidence Based Dentistry Flashcards
What is epidemiology?
Study of distribution/determinants of disease
Examples of demographics:
Births
Deaths
Age
Gender
Migration
What is a count?
No. people with a particular condition (at particular time and area)
What is prevalence?
% of population with a disease at any given point/period in time
What is incidence
Number of new cases in defined population over defined period
What is Starting risk?
Chances of outcome in untreated groups
What is modified risk?
Chances of outcome in treated groups
What is relative risk reduction?
Modified/starting risk
What is absolute risk reduction?
Starting-modified
Wat is number needed to treat?
1/absolute risk
What is risk ratio?
Risk % in treated group/ Risk % in placebo
1 is value of difference
What is odds ratio:
Odds of treatment outcome being successful/ Odds of unsuccessful treatment
(1 is value of NO difference)
CONFIDENCE RATIOS:
Risk ratio- overlaps 1 means insufficient evidence
Absolute risk- overlaps 0 means insufficient evidence
What is a case report?
Report on single case/ series of cases with outcome of interest
-> Hypothesis generation
What is cross-sectional study?
Observational study that analyses data from population at specific point in time
What is a case-control study?
Study involves people with disease and suitable group without- then looks back in time at exposures to particular risk factors for both groups
What is a cohort study?
Participants are recruited and followed up over a period of time- exposures and outcomes are recorded
What is a Randomised control trial?
Participants are allocated by chance to different interventions and outcome are followed up and assessed
What are the design elements of RCT?
Specification of participants- age, gender, disease severity
Control/ comparison group
Randomisation
Blinding
PICO:
Population
Intervention- treatment or exposure
Comparison- against placebo or standard treatment
Outcome- desired or undesired
