Evidence Based

Question 1

what is SIMD and how is it derived

Answer 1

scottish index of multiple deprivation

based on income, housing, education, employment, access to services

1 most deprived
5 least deprived

Question 2

how to know if a confidence interval is significant

Answer 2

if it does not contain 1

Question 3

what does it mean if there is a large confidence range

Answer 3

small sample size
variability in data

Question 4

reasons for increased oral cancer risk in those in lower socioeconomic groups

Answer 4

smoking
excessive alcohol
lack of education
limited access to healthcare
bad OH

Question 5

what is PICO

Answer 5

population
intervention
comparison
outcome

Question 6

study - effect of manual vs powered toothbrushes on plaque reduction
group - adults at GDP

give a PICO

Answer 6

population - adults attending GDP
intervention - powered toothbrush
comparison - manual toothbrush
outcome - reduction of plaque

Question 7

explain randomised control trials

Answer 7

designed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions or treatments

good for clinical trials, gold standard

randomised
control group
blinding
outcome measures
specification of participants [inclusion/exclusion criteria]

Question 8

ways to minimise bias in a study

Answer 8

randomisation
- computer generated
- reduces selection bias, distributes unknown and confounding factors

blinding
- helps prevent conscious/unconscious bias, reduces detection bias, double blinding best

standardisation
- use same technique, time, etc

Question 9

name the standards developed to improve the reporting of RCTs

Answer 9

CONSORT statement

Question 10

explain cohort study

Answer 10

estimating incidence and cause of disease

prospective study

prospective study, establish group and measure exposures, follow over time

Question 11

explain case control study

Answer 11

potential causes of disease

retrospective study

looks back to exposure of particular risk factrs

Question 12

what are roles of epidemiology

Answer 12

measurement of amount/distribution of disease
study of causes/determinants of disease
assess risk of disease
development of preventative programmes

Question 13

define incidence

Answer 13

number of new disease cases developing over a specific period of time in a defined population

Question 14

define prevalence

Answer 14

number of disease cases in a population at a given time

Question 15

what type of study would provide the highest level of evidence for the effectiveness of tx

Answer 15

meta analysis of systematic reviews and RCTs

Question 16

absolute risk difference - what is it and how to calculate

Answer 16

difference in risk between groups

risk group 1 = x/x = A
risk group 2 = x/x = B

A - B = risk difference