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ISCI 350 > Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution > Flashcards

Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

evolution (2)

A
  • species have changed through time

- new forms have arisen from common ancestors

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2
Q

what evidence is there that species have changed through time? (2)

A
  • direct observation

- fossil records

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3
Q

how have we directly observed that species have changed through time?

A
  • coronavirus, moths, crop pests, finches, HIV, experimental evolution
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4
Q

how has the fossil record shown us that species have changed through time?

A
  • different floras and faunas in past geological periods
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5
Q

what evidence is there that new forms are derived from common ancestors? (3)

A
  • fossil record
  • direct observation
  • homology
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6
Q

how has the fossil record shown us that new forms are derived from common ancestors?

A
  • intermediate/transitional forms
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7
Q

how has direct observation shown us that new forms are derived from common ancestors?

A
  • california salamander ring species
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8
Q

homology

A
  • similarity that isn’t functionally necessary
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9
Q

analogy

A
  • similarity due to shared ways of life
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10
Q

how has homology shown us that new forms are derived from common ancestors? (2)

A
  • vestigial structures, embryological similarities, homologies in general (tetrapod limb, genetic code, vertebrae embryo development)
  • universal genetic code is ultimate evidence, it links all life to common ancestor
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11
Q

what are the proposed theories for the history of life? (3)

A
  • evolution
  • creationism
  • transformism
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12
Q

creationism (2)

A
  • universe and living organisms originate from specific act of devine creation, rather than evolution
  • evidence of evolution proves this theory wrong
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13
Q

transformism (3)

A
  • transformation of one species into another by descent over many generations
  • example: giraffes needed/wanted food on higher trees so they stretched their necks over time
  • the evidence that “new forms are derived from common ancestors” proves this theory is false
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14
Q

what are Darwin’s 4 postulates of evolution by natural selection?

A
  1. turnover
  2. variability
  3. heritability
  4. differential reproductive succes
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15
Q

Darwin’s 4 postulates of evolution by natural selection: Turnover

A
  • multiple units must undergo death and reproduction
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16
Q

Darwin’s 4 postulates of evolution by natural selection: Variability

A
  • there must be variability among the units
17
Q

Darwin’s 4 postulates of evolution by natural selection: Heritability

A
  • variation must be passed from parents to offspring
18
Q

Darwin’s 4 postulates of evolution by natural selection: Differential reproductive success

A
  • some variants are more likely to survive and reproduce than others
19
Q

heritability (2)

A
  • measures the fraction of phenotypic variation among individuals that is due to differences in their genes
  • slope of regression = heritability and measures extent to which offspring resemble parents
20
Q

heritability slope = 1.0 (2)

A
  • strong resemblance

- strong response to selection and evolution occurs

21
Q

heritability slope = 0 (2)

A
  • no resemblance

- no response to selection and evolution cannot occur

22
Q

what does the action of natural selection depend on and where does it come from (2)

A
  • existence of appropriate variants

- new variants arise through mutation, a process random to the direction of evolution

23
Q

what environmental conditions are individuals/populations adapted to in natural selection

A
  • adapted to environmental conditions of their immediate past and not their future
24
Q

evolution by natural selection (2)

A
  • adaptive evolution

- turnover, variability, heritability, and differential (non-random) survival/reproduction

25
Q

evolution by genetic drift (2)

A
  • neutral/non-adaptive evolution

- turnover, variation, heritability, random survival/reproduction

26
Q

consequences of genetic drift (3)

A
  • responsible for most evolution that occurs at a molecular level (neutral evolution)
  • may lead to non-adaptive evolution by reducing genetic variability of populations
  • cause loss of favourable alleles or fixation on unfavourable alleles
27
Q

conditions leading to genetic drift (3)

A
  • chronically small population size
  • population bottle necks
  • founder events
28
Q

benefit of homology

A
  • ‘model’ organisms can be used in biomedical research
  • results may be extrapolated to humans if biological/cellular/molecular basis of the phenomenon being studied are homologous
29
Q

what is the importance of drift in evolution (2)

A
  • may be a creative force in evolution by allowing populations to fully explore “rugged” fitness landscapes
  • emergence of new species/diseases

ISCI 350 (14 decks)

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