Everything Vocab and Phon. Proc. Mod 1 Exam 1 Flashcards
Phonetics
the study of the production and perception of speech sounds
Phoneme
Sound that makes up a word
Allophone
phonetic variations of a phoneme (sound is slightly different, but doesnt change the meaning of a phoneme. Ex. top and button)
Grapheme
smallest units of writing system. (NOT SOUNDS)
Allograph
different spellings for each sound
Consonant Digraph
2 letters that represent a single phoneme (sh, th, ch, ph)
Morpheme
smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning (book=1 vs books=2)
Minimal Pairs
pairs of morphemes that only differ by one sound segment (hot, pot, cot, rot, lot)
Digraph
2 letters making one sound (ea = i)
Parts of a Syllable
vowel with one or more consonants -> onset, nucleus, coda
Articulation
process of moving structures of the vocal tract so that they join together in different positions
Place
places where the airstream is constricted by the articulators (where)
Manner
ways the airstream is modified by articulators (how)
Voicing
whether or not the vocal folds are vibrating when sound is produced
Review Anatomy of Sound Production
- velum: radiation of sound, moves up to close the nasal cavity for oral radiation and down to open nasal radiation, acts as point of contact for velar sounds like /k/ and /g/
- epiglottis: closes entrance to larynx and trachea during swallowing, sits at upright position at rest allowing air to pass
- vocal folds: muscles of the larynx bring the VF together at onset of phonation, the force of air from the lungs blows VFs apart causing vibration
- alveolar ridge: tip of the tongue hits AR to form consonant sounds
- articulators: move structures to VT so they can join together in different positions
- look at graph
Characteristics of Vowels
voiced
resonate in oral cavity
open vocal tract
nucleus of a syllable
Monophthong
pure vowel sounds with a stable articulation (beat, boot, bat)
Diphthong
gliding movement between two vowel qualities within the same syllable (boy, boat)
Review Vowel Quadrilateral
Review
Stops (Manner)
complete closure of vocal tract, air pressure builds behind closure
/p/ (as in “pat”)
/b/ (as in “bat”)
/t/ (as in “top”)
/d/ (as in “dog”)
/k/ (as in “cat”)
/g/ (as in “goat”)
Fricatives (Manner)
Articulators form narrow constriction and airflow is channeled
/f/ (as in “fan”)
/v/ (as in “van”)
/θ/ (as in “think”)
/ð/ (as in “this”)
/s/ (as in “sun”)
/z/ (as in “zoo”)
/ʃ/ (as in “ship”)
/ʒ/ (as in “measure”)
/h/ (as in “hat”)
Affricates (Manner)
combo of stop and fricative
/ʧ/ (as in “chat”)
/ʤ/ (as in “jam”)
Nasals (Manner)
pulses of air from vibrations of VFs must pass through nasal cavity
/m/ (as in “man”)
/n/ (as in “no”)
/ŋ/ (as in “sing”)
Glides (Manner)
semi-vowel partially constricted state to more open for vowels
/w/ (as in “wet”)
/j/ (as in “yes”)
Liquids (Manner)
vowel-like consonants, VT constricted slightly more than vowels
/l/ (as in “love”)
/r/ (as in “run”)
Stridents (Manner)
affricates and noisy fricatives
/f, v, s, z, sh, ch, dj (j)/
Obstruents (Manner)
constriction of VT to obstruct airstream
stops, fricatives, affricates
Sonorants (Manner)
vowel-like quality
nasals, glides, liquids
Bilabial (Place)
“two-lips” most anterior
/p, b, m, w/
Labio-dental (Place)
both lips and central incisors (2 upper and lower teeth besides midline)
/f, v/
Lingua-dental or interdental (Place)
Tongue touches the bottom edge of the upper central incisors or the backs of central incisors
/th/
Lingua-alveolar (Place)
Immediately behind the upper central incisors
/t, d, n, s, z/
Lingua-palatal (Place)
posterior to alveolar ridge
/sh, funny 3, ch, dj (j), r, and j/
Lingua-velar (Place)
back of the oral cavity, posterior to palatal area, and anterior to uvula
/k ,g, ng/
Glottal
opening behind vocal folds
/h, glottal stop/
Syllable Deletion (Syllable Structure Processes)
syllable of a polysyllabic (multiple vowel sounds) word is omitted
typically syllable deleted is unstressed
Reduplication (Syllable Structure Processes)
partial or total repetition of a syllable of a word
Diminutization (Part of Reduplication) (Syllable Structure Processes)
Adding /i/ at the end
Epenthesis (Syllable Structure Processes)
vowel is inserted between two consonants
typically a schwa
Final-Consonant Deletion (Syllable Structure Processes)
deletion of a singleton consonant in a word final position
postvocalic /r/ and /l/ are considered as vowels and not counted in final consonant deletion
Cluster Deletion (Syllable Structure Processes)
deletion of some or all of the consonants in a cluster
Cluster Substitution (Syllable Structure Processes)
one member of a cluster is replaces with another consonant
Coarticulation
one sound influences another
/b/ in bat is different then /b/ in bet because different vowel sounds follow
Linguistic Complexity
- isolation: child is asked to say a sound /s/, or a series of sounds /s, f, z/, which clinician scores or transcribes
- word: clinician asks child to say words that contain that /s/ sound
- sentence: read multitude of sentences, each of which is composed of several words that contain one or more /s/ sound
- continuous speech or conversation: clinical will transcribe entire speech sample
Response Complexity
- one sound: score one specific sound or cluster per word (in isolation)
- multiple sounds: clinician scores 2-4 target sounds per word
System Complexity
- 2-way scoring: “correct” or “incorrect”
- 5-way scoring: whether a sound is right or wrong, but also what type of error occurred
- phonetic transcription: describes what a child says rather than to score it relative to some arbitrary standard
SODA
- substitution: sound replaced with another
- distortion: articulation of sound is incorrect
- omission or deletion
- addition
Prosody Variations
- primary stress: highest stress, increased pitch, duration, and intensity over vowel
- contrastive: beginning of word has emphasis
- lengthening: prolonged sound
- falling terminal juncture: pitch falls down at the end of a sentence (WH ?’s)
- rising terminal juncture: pitch goes up at the end of a sentence
Allophonic Variations
- nasalized: velopharyngeal port opens creating resonance in the nasal cavity
- denaslized: VP is closed and /m, n, ng. are not nasalized
- dentalized consonant: tongue touching or in between the teeth
- lateralized consonant: airflow on the sides of the tongue
- derhotacized consonant: “r” word missing the “r-ness”
Sound Source Variation
- breathy voice: incomplete closure of VF
- glottalized: irregularity in laryngeal vibratory system
- whistled: under fricatives - sometimes like normal whistling
Other Variations
- synchronic tie: 2 sounds said as 1
- syllabic consonant: /m, n, l, ng, r/
Stopping (Substitution Process)
replacing fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides with a stop
/p, b, t, d, k, g, glottal stop/
Phonological Processes (Substitution Process)
involve some form of segment substitution that occurs independently of phonetic context
not defined by simple substitution of one segment for another
Stridency Deletion (Substitution Process)
stident consonant omitted or replaced with a nonstrident consonant
/s, z, sh, su, ch, j/ replaced
Fronting (Substitution Process)
replacing back sounds /k, g, ng, ch, j, sh, and su/ with front sounds
Depalatization (Substitution Process)
palatal sound replaced with a nonpalatal sound
/sh, su, ch, j, r, and y/ replaced
Palatization (Substitution Process)
addition of a palatal sound to a nonpalatal target phoneme
/sh, su, ch, j, r, and y/ in place of a nonpalatal sound
Affrication (Substitution Process)
replacing a fricative with an affricate consonant
fricatives: /f, v, th, s, su, sh, z, h/
affricate: /ch, j/
Deaffrication (Substitution Process)
affricate to a stop or fricative
affricate: /ch, j/
fricatives: /f, v, th, s, su, sh, z, h/
stop: /p, b, t, d, k, g, glottal stop/
Backing (Substitution Process)
front consonants replaced with back
back sounds: /k, g, ng, ch, j, sh, and su/
Alveolarization (Substitution Process)
replacing consonants made with the lips or teeth with consonants made on the alveolar ridge
Labialization (Substitution Process)
labial sounds replacing interdental or alveolar obstruents
bilabial: /p, b, m, w/
labiodental: /f, v/
interdental: /th/
alveolar: /t, d, n, s, z/
Gliding (Substitution Process)
replacing liquid consonants with glides
liquids: /l, r/
glides: /y, w/
Aphagia
complete loss of speech and comprehension abilities
Assimilation
sound becomes more like a neighboring sound
sound that changes and a sound that influences the change
Regressive Assimilation
occurring when the initial consonant is replaced by a consonant similar in place, manner, or voicing or is the same as another consonant in the word
Progressive Assimilation
final consonant is replaced by a consonant similar in place, manner, or voicing or is the same as another consonant in the word
Continguous Assimilation
no intervening sound between the changed segment and the influencing segment
Noncontiguous Assimilation
intervening sound between the changed segment and the influencing segment
Labial Assimilation
consonant in a word becomes labial due to another labial consonant in the word
Alveolar Assimilation
consonant in a word becomes alveolar due to another alveolar consonant in the word
Velar Assimilation
sound in a word becomes more like a velar sound located elsewhere in the word
Nasal Assimilation
sound becomes more like a nasal consonant located nearby in the phonetic context
Prevocalic Voicing
voiceless obstruents preceding vowels become voiced
Postvocalic Devoicing
voiced obstruents in word-final position become voiceless
Metathesis
there is a reversal of the position of 2 sounds
Coalescence
2 adjacent segments are collapsed to form one segment with features from both of the original segments
Determining Assimilation
assimilation cannot be determined from one sound change
1. determine the sound changes that take place
2. determine if there is variability in sound substitutions. Are there inconsistencies? Are there correct sounds?
3. look for similarities within the environements in which the sounds are made correctly to distinguish between the environments in which the sound change occurs
4. confirm hypothesis. “prove” the assimilation
Resonance
The frequency of an external force matches the natural frequency of a system, causing it to vibrate with greater amplitude
Speech Sound Development
graduate articulatory mastery of ss forms w/ language
Phoneme
basic sound segment has linguistic function of distinguishing morphemes
Phonetic Inventory
all sounds can produce, even if not appropriate targets
Phonotactics
what sounds/combos are allowed in the language
Phonological Development
acquisition of speech sound form and function w/in language system
Phonology
function/organization of phonemes in language
Phonological Awareness
awareness of sound structure/phonological structures of spoken word in contrast with written/ability to detect/manipulate sound segments
Phonological Processes
processes simplified sound prod. / pattern of sound change affects a class of sounds or the overall structure of words/syllables
Order of Speech Dev. for Manner
ONE: vowels/post. cons. for cooing (grab. pulls tongue down/back for k/g) TWO: ant. cons. for produce phonemes = canonical babb. on purpose. THREE: Dev. of manner prod. = 1st/easy stops, nasals, glides. 2nd/hard fric. aff. liquids
Speech Sound Dev
vowels by 3, consonants in late bab., fric. (v/oth), aff. (tf), liquids (l/r) later
Phonological Development
acquisition of speech sound form and function within the language system
3.5 75% intelligible, phonetic inventory >2 CP - p,b,m,n,w,h / 2 CP - t,d,k,g,ng / 3 CP - f,s,r,l,j - Mastery - p,m,n,w,h / 4 CP - v,z,sh,ch,dj - M - b,d,k,g,f,j / 5 CP - th’s / 6 M - t,ng,r,l / 7 M - theta,sh,ch,dj / 8 M - small theta,v,s,z
Dysarthria
weakness, execution
Apraxia
motor planning, programming
Behavioral Theory
stimuli in env. by reinf., imit., appr. to mature performance (shaping)/progression/pair words w/similar places
Structural Theory
innate ability to dev. lang./phon. / learn phon by contrast (vowel-cons. / oral - nasal / lab-alv-pal-vel)
Natural Theory
dev. attempt reproduce adult with motor limit simplified / prog. elimination of process
Prosodic Theory
focus on units of meaning instead of dev. of ind. phonemes or classes of sound
Interactionist/Discovery Theory
active learn. in disc. structure of adult phon. system. / child org. manageable units of phon.
Phonetic Inventory
4-7 completed w/ complex words
Acquisition of Speech
- cognitive dev. 2. motor skills. 3. perceptual skills
Struc. Anomalies cause disorders
no teeth, over/underbite, big tonsils, cleft lip, malocclusion, shortened lingual frenum
Apraxia
motor planning and programming / speech process of arctic primarily affected / disruption of CNS programming of oral movements
Dysarthria
weakness and execution / muscular weakness, neurological involve. / respiration, phonation, resonance, artic affected / disruption of CNS and PNS
Deaffrication
changing of an affricate to a stop or fricative / choose -> sooz/tooz
Backing
ront con. replaced with back / shoe -> koo
Gliding
replacement of liquid cons. with glides
Vowelization
syllabic liquids or nasals are replaced with vowels / table -> taybo
Inappropriate
after 3 -> cluster reduction,gliding,vowelization,stopping,depalatization,post vocalic devoicing, epenthesis
Stages of Sound Dev. + Progression - Reflexive vocalization (birth - 2 m)
crying, fussing / vegetative sounds like coughing, burping, and sneezing / vowel-like sounds / small oral cavity and position of larynx limit sounds
cooing and laughter (2-4m)
rapid growth of head and neck / less frequent crying / vowels + posterior consonants - gravity pulls tongue down and back = k +g
vocal play (4-6m)
loud and soft sounds / high and low pitch / long raspberries / occasionally rudimentary CV syllables
Canonical babbling (6+m)
CV syllables with adult timing / reduplicated babbles (bababa) / variegated babbles (bagidabo)(12-13m) / self-stimulatory and not communication / end of state, babbling used as imitation game / w/ hearing loss will delay in syllables and stages / anterior consonants when prod. phon.
Jargon (10+m)
stings of sounds and syllables w/ variety of steps and intonational patterns / with eye contact, gesture, and intonation
First words (12-18m)
largest growth / 1 word to 2 word sentences / limited inventory of ss + phon. poss./ end of 5th bday almost complete phon. system
development by matter of production
first and eairest = stops, nasals, glides / second + hardest = fricatives, affricated, liquids
Phonological Processes - Final Constant Deletio
deletion of singleton consonants in word-final position, resulting in open syllable (bat-> bah)
Unstressed syllable deletion
jamas
Reduplication
partial or total repetion (total=bebe, partial=bada, diminutive=horsy)
Epenthesis
sound inserted between 2 consonants (sepoon)
Initial consonant deletion
team->eem
Cluster deletion
partial -> stake=take, boats= boat / total -> stake=ake, boats= bo
Cluster substitution
occurs when one member of a cluster is replaces with another consonant - blue->bwu, break-> bweak
Regressive assimilation
influence of a later occurring sound on an earlier occurring one / goat->tot, doggy -> gagi
Progressive assimilation
influence of an easier sound on a later one / dog -> dod
Labial assimilation
cononsant in word becomes a labial due to the influence of another labial table->bebo, rob->wob
Aveolar assimilation
sound in a word assimilates to an alveolar segment located elsewhere / goat-> dot, feet-> teet
Velar assimilation
sound in a word becomes more like a velar sound located elsewhere / back assimilation / dog->gog, cot->cat, take ->cake
Nasal assimilation
sound becomes more like a nasal consonant located nearby in the phonetic context / van-> nan, window->mindow
Prevocalic voicing
occurs when voiceless obstruents preceding vowels become voiced pea->di
Postvocalic devoicing
obstruents in word final position becomes voiceless /rag->rak
Metathesis
eversal of position of 2 sounds / ask->aks Coalescence - collapse or combine into a whole / spoon -> foon
Stopping
replacing of fricatives, affricates, liquids, or glides with a stop / soap->toap
Stridency deletion
strident con. omitted or replaced with non strident con
Fronting
replacing sound more anterior place than target sound coat->tote
Depalatalization
palatal sound replaced with non palatal / shoot->sut/tut
Palatization
addition of palatal component to non palatal target phoneme / sew -show
Affrication
replace fricative consonant with affricate / soap - chope
Pragmatics
someone has difficulty communicating both verbally and nonverbally in social situations
communicative intents
1. requests
2. conveying information
3. expressing feelings
4. protesting/rejecting
5. predicting
6. hypothesizing
7. reasoning
8. clarifying/elaborating
Semantics
the ability to understand meaning in different types of words, phrases, narratives, signs and symbols and the meaning they give to the speaker and listener
1. receptive
2. expressive - naming, word finding
3. referential words - concrete nouns and verbs
4. relational words - comparatives, superlatives
5. diverse words (TTR)
Syntax/Morphology
sentence grammar - word order and sentence types
