Everything p2 Flashcards
What are the steps to the extension of a spring practical? (7)
- Set up the equipment ( clamp stands with bosses attaching clamps)
- Place a mètre ruler next to the clamp and place a spring on one of the clamps
- Measure the initial extension of the string
- Hang a 1N weight on the spring and read the new position
- Continue adding 1N weights until 10N
- Measure the extension by subtracting the initial extension off the measured CM
- Plot data on a graph
What are the steps to the ripple tank practical? (5)
- Set up equipment ( ripple tank with shallow water containing a vibrating bar which is attached to power pack) above have a lamp
- Place white paper underneath to produce an imagine on
- Measure wavelength by placing a ruler on paper and freezing the image
- Measure frequency by placing a timer next to it and counting amount of waves for 10 secs / 10
- Calculate wave speed by multiplying frequency and wavelength
What are the steps to the waves in a solid practical? (5)
- Set up equipment ( pulley on a clamp runs over a wooden bridge and is connected to a vibration generator )
- Hang mass to the string to keep string taut
- Attach signal generator to vibration generator to alter frequency of string
- Measure wavelength of stranding wave ( distance from end of wave to vibrate generator )
- If multiple waves, calculate whole wave length divide by no. of waves and multiply by 2
What are the steps to the acceleration practical? (5)
- Set up equipment ( toy car attached to a piece of string which is looped around a pulley and is attached to a 100g mass)
- Need a timer too and draw chalk lines on table of equal distances from the car
- Record the time the car passes each distance marker by recording on phone to playback video.
- Repeat the experiment several times decreasing the mass each time
5 repeat again but placing more mass on the car and with a constant force each time
What is Newton’s second law?
Acceleration of an object is proportion to the force applied
Acceleration is inversely proportional to mass of the object
What are the steps to the infrared practical? (3)
- Fill Leslie cube with hot water and point infrared detector at each surface and record amount of infrared initially emitted
- The Matt black emirs the most, then shiny, then white, then shiny metallic
- If we don’t have an infrared detector use a thermometer with a bulb painted black
What are the four sides of a Leslie cube?
Matt black, shiny metallic, white surface, shiny black
What are the steps to measuring the absorbency of infrared for different surfaces? (4)
- Use an infrared heater placed between a shiny metallic surface and a Matt black surface
- Attach drawing pins to both surface and turn heater on
- Measure amount of time it takes for drawing pin to fall off and Vaseline to melt
- Drawing pin falls off Matt black surface first
What is earths gravitational pull?
9.8 N / Kg
How many newtons is a kilo newton?
1000
How many newtons is a mega newton?
1,000,000
Define scalar quantities and provide 5 examples
A quantity that only has magnitude
E.g mass, Time, speeding, temperature, energy
Define vector quantity and provide 3 examples
A quantity with magnitude and direction
E.g force, velocity, momentum
Define displacement
Distance and direction
Unit for work done?
Joules
Unit for moment?
Newton metres ( Nm)
Define contact force and give 4 examples
Exerted between two objects when touching
E.f friction, air, résistance and tension
Define non- contact force and 3 examples
Exerted between two objects without touching
E.g gravity, electrostatic, magnetic
Define resultant force
Overall effect of all of the forces acting upon an object
Define resolving force
An object pulls with a force at an angle
When work done against frictional forces happens, what happens to the temperature?
It increases
What are free body diagrams?
Show both magnitude and direction of all forces upon an object
How much work done occurs when 1N of force moves an object through a distance of 1m?
1J
Define elastic deformation
The object has been stretched but returns to its original shape
Define in elastic deformation
The object has been stretched but cannot return back to its original shape
Define extension
The difference between stretched and Unstretched lengths
Define limit of proportionality
This is the limit at which a spring can be stretched to
Unit for spring constant
N / m
When objects move in a circular motion what happens?
They change direction but keep a constant speed
What speed is walking?
1.5 m/s
What speed is running?
3 m/s
What speed is cycling?
6 m/s
Define thinking distance
Distance travelled whilst driver reacts
Define braking distance
Distance travelled whilst the car is stopped by brakes
Define stopping distance
Total thinking and braking distance
What are 3 examples of factors affecting drivers reaction time
Drinking alcohol, taking drugs and tiredness
What are 4 examples of factors that affect braking distances
Weather conditions, worn brakes or tyres, road surface, size of braking force
What happens to kinetic energy as car brakes?
This decreases however temperature increases due to frictional forces
Define inertia
Object continues in same state of motion
What is newtons 1st law
An object continues in its state or rest or motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force
What is newtons 2nd law?
The resultant force of an object is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass
What is newtons 3rd law?
For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction
Define inertial mass
How difficult it is to change the velocity of an object
Unit for acceleration?
Metres per second squared
Unit for momentum?
Kilograms metres per second
Define wavelength
Distance from one point on a wave to the same point of the next wave
Define amplitude
Maximum disturbance of a wave from irs rest position
Define frequency
Number of waves per second
Define period
The time taken to produce 1 full wave
Define transverse wave
Vibration causing the wave is at right angles to the direction of energy transfer ( perpendicular )
Define longitudinal wave
Vibration causing the wave is parallel to the direction of energy transfer
Give examples of transverse waves
Water ripples, electromagnetic waves,
Give examples of longitudinal waves
Sound waves
What are the differences between transverse and longitudinal waves?
Transverse can pass through vacuum, longitudinal cannot
Transverse are perpendicular, longitudinal are parallel.
Define conservation of momentum
Amount of inputted momentum = amount of outputted momentum
Compare angle of incidence and angle of reflection
They are equal to one another
What is the pneumonic to remember EM spectrum?
Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns
What happens to ionising power, frequency and wavelength as gamma is approached in EM spectrum?
Ionising power increases
Frequency increases
Wavelength decreases
What are the uses of radio waves, microwaves and infrared waves?
Radio - communications, TV, radio
Microwave - mobile phones, cooking, satellites
Infrared - heating, remote controls, cooling
What are the uses of visible light, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma waves?
Visible - illumination, photography, fibre optics
Ultraviolet - security making, disinfecting water
X-ray- broken bones, airport security
Gamma - sterilising, detecting and killing cancer
What are the differences between black and white surfaces?
Black - wave lengths absorbed, higher frequency, shorter wavelength
White - wave lengths reflected, shorter frequency, longer wavelength
Define relay
A device using a small current to control a larger current in another circuit
What is a solenoid and how is it used?
It is wound around an iron core, which causes small currents to magnetise it. This attracts to electrical contacts and makes a complete circuit. It is a long coil of wire and magnetic field from each loop adds to the next.
What are the steps to making an electromagnet? (4)
Wrap coils of wire around an iron core
Apply a current through the wire
This should create a magnetic field around the core, as long as current is constant
The more coils, current and wire the stronger the field.
What are the three magnetic materials?
Iron, cobalt, nickel
Define rarefaction
A region in longitudinal, wave where particles are furthest apart
Define compression
A region in longitudinal wave where particles are closest
What is the speed of light?
300,000,000 m/s approx
What is the motor effect?
A conductor ( wire ) carrying a current is put into a magnetic field. The magnet producing the field and the conductor exert a force on each other
What direction does the magnetism move North to south or south to north?
North to south
Define induced magnet
This is temporary and only becomes magnetic when placed in magnetic field
Define permanent magnet
This is a magnet that produce its own magnetic field, it will repel or attract other magnetic Fields oe magnets
What does each finger represent in Flemings left hand rule?
Thumb - direction of movement
First finger - direction of magnetic field
Second finger - direction of current
