Everything Flashcards
State examples of vibrational, elastic, nuclear and thermal energy stores
Vibrational - atoms, particles in a solid
Elastic - drawn catapults, compressed springs, inflated balloons
Nuclear - uranium 245 undergoing fission
Thermal - human body, nor coffers, stoves jobs etc
State the 8 energy store and their definitions
Kinetic - energy associated with moving objects
Chemical - energy associated with chemical bonds
Gravitational - energy associated with an object at height
Electrostatic - energy stored when like / unlike charges repel/ attract
Vibrational- objects vibrating in a fixed place
Elastic- energy stored when an object is stretched, squashed or twisted
Nuclear - nuclear interactions
Thermal - in most cases vibrations of particles, in hotter objects particles move faster
Define the 4 energy transfers
Mechanically - by action of a force
Electrically- by an electrical current
Radiation- by light/ sound waves
Heating- by conduction, convection or radiation
What is energy measured in?
Joules ( J)
What is spring constant and extension measured in?
N/ M
M
State the 5 renewable resources
Wind
Solar
HPE
Geothermal
Biofuel
State the 4 non renewable resources
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear gas
Define specific heat capacity
Amount of energy required to raise 1kg of the material by 1°C
What is mass and specific heat capacity measured in?
Kg, J/kg°C
Equation for energy?
Energy (J) = voltage (V) x Current (A) x time (s)
Define electricity, charge and potential difference
Electricity - a flow of negatively charged electrons
Current - the rate of flow of charge
Potential difference - difference in amount of energy that charge carriers have between two points in a circuit.
Equation for charge? Include units
Charge (coulombs) = current (amperes) x time (s)
What is the hand method to Flemings left hand rule and which finger represents what?
Thumb - movement ( direction of force )
1st finger / index - magnetic field
Middle finger - current
What are the two forms of current and what do they look like on graphs?
Direct current - straight horizontal line used in batteries
Alternating current- curving line on graph (looks like sine graph) used in main supply
Define resistance and give the unit
Anything that will resist a current. Measured in ohms.
Equation for resistance
Résistance ( ohms ) = voltage / current
How to produce an electromagnet?
Wrap a coil conducting electricity around a magnetic metal core ( cobalt, nickel, iron ). A magnetic field is therefore produced around the core. The current and amount of coils influenced the strength.
Define short circuit
Components aren’t reached with current as the previous pathways have a very low resistance.
Explain parallel circuit structures
Multiple pathways
Current passes through either path - gets smaller each time
Components attached on differing paths
Voltage doesn’t differ
Larger current passes through previous component as the resistance decreases
Explain series circuit structures
All components are attached on same path
Current is the same through all components
Voltage decreases across each element
Resistance adds up to the next component as current passes through all components in circuit.
How are ammeters and voltmeters added in circuits?
Ammeters - series
Voltmeters - parallel
Define diode
Current passes through one direction
Define thermistor
As temperature increases, resistance decreases
Define light dependant resistor
Resistance decreases if light intensity increases
Define variable resistor
A resistor with resistance that can be changed
Define light emitting diode
Current passes in one direction and light is given off when passed
What are the values for UK mains supply ( voltage and frequency)
230 volts
50 Hz
What colour is the live, the neutral and the earth wire?
Neutral - blue
Live - brown
Earth - green / yellow
What is the live wires job
It carried the current to the appliance and can be deadly if touched
What is the neutral wires job
This completes the circuit as it at 0 volts’ not deadly
What is the earth wires job
This ‘earths’ the appliance in case one of the wires touched the casing. It prevents current from entering person.
Where is a fuse located in A plug
Next to the live wire
Define solid
Particles are tightly packed and they vibrate in a fixed position. They have a definite shape and volume
Define liquid
Particles are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to Slide Over one another. They have an indefinite shape and a definite volume
Define gas
Particles are very fàr apart and move freely. They have both an indefinite shape and volume
Define physical change
When states change and mass is conserved
How do you get from solid to gas straight away?
Sublimation
How do you get from gas to liquid straight away?
Reverse sublimation
Define internal energy
Total energy that particles have in their kinetic and potential energy stores. This is increased by increasing thermal energy
Define density and provide the equation
Amount of mass in a volume
How tightly packed matter is
Density = mass / volume
What is the most / least dense and has the least / most internal energy in terms of states
Gas - less dense
Solid - most dense
Gas - most internal energy
Solid - least internal energy
Define specific latent heat
How much energy is needed to change the state of 1kg of substance at constant temperature
Define specific latent heat fusion
Either solid to liquid or liquid to solid
Define specific latent heat of vaporisation.
Either liquid to gas or gas to liquid
What is the plum pudding model and who composed it
Comprises a positively charged ball containing negatively charged electrons. It was made by JJ Thompson
Define mass number
Amount of neutrons and protons in an atom
Define atomic number
No. of electrons / protons in an atom
Define isotope
Variations of an atom with the same amount of protons but different amounts of neutrons
What do uncharged neutrons affect in atoms?
The melting points and density
What was Ernest Rutherford experiment and findings?
Fired radioactive particles at solid gold, with some back scattered but most being slightly deflected. Concluded that negative electrons orbit a positive nucleus ( protons )
What did Nils Bohr conclude?
Developed Rutherfords ideas and explained why electrons cannot collide with each other or nuclei. Suggests they were found in shells and proposed the early version of the modern atomic structure
What is the pneumonic to remember the electromagnetic spectrum
Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns
What are gamma waves properties?
High energy electromagnetic radiation
Charge - 0
Mass - 0
Stopped by thick lead
Very weakly ionising
No deflection of magnetic / electrical field
What are beta wave properties?
High energy electron
Charge - +2
Mass - 1/1860
Stopped by a few mm of aluminium
Weakly ionising
Strongly deflected by magnetic / electric field
Define radioactive decay
When atomic isotopes are unstable and emit radiation to become more stable
How easily is alpha detected and why?
Weakly detected due to a +2 charge but a RAM of 4
How easily is beta detected and why?
Easily detected as -1 charge and small mass
How easily is gamma detected and why?
Has no mass / charge so isn’t detected
Define alpha radiation
mass - 4
Atomic number / charge - 2
Helium atom
Define beta radiation
High energy electron
Charge / atomic number -1
Mass - negligable
Mass number remains same atomic number increases by one.
Usages of beta radiation
Metal sheetings
Holes in pipes
Usages of gamma
Medical usage
Scanning etc
Uses of alpha
Smoke alarms
Define half life
Time taken for the amount of unstable atoms to half in mass
What is the method for finding out the density of an irregular object? (7) steps
- Record mass of object using measuring scales
- Fill a eureka can up until the sprout
- Place à measuring cylinder under the sprout
- Gently lower object into water using string
- Wait for water to drain completely
- Volume of water in cylinder = volume of object
- Calculate density,
Density = mass / volume
What is the practical to test for specific heat capacity?
1.Add oil to a beaker and record the mass
2.Place thermometer and immersion heater into the oil and record initial temperature
3. Wrap beaker in insulating foam to reduce heat loss to surroundings
4. Connect immersion heater to power supply and a joule meter
5. Leave for 30 minutes
6. Read number of joules of energy that passed into immersion heater and record the final temperature of oil
What is the practical for testing the length of a wire ( resistance ) 8 steps
- Attach the wire which is attached to a metre stick to the rest of the circuit using crocodile clips.
- The circuit should include a power supply, open switch, ammeter, and a voltmeter in parallel to the wire
- Record the current and potential difference using ammeter / voltmeter
- Move one of the crocodile clips closed until they are 90cm apart
- Record new reading on ammeter / voltmeter.
- Repeat previous steps reducing length of wire by 10cm each time down to 10cm
- Use results to calculate resistance of each length d
- Plot a graph of resistance again length of wire ( should be directly proportional)
What is the practical including IV graphs? ( 7 steps )
- Set up circuit with power supply and voltage supply, ammeter, variable resistor and voltmeter in parallel to fixed resistor
- Record reading on ammeter and voltmeter
- Alter resistance using variable resistor
- Record new readings on ammeter and voltmeter
- Repeat steps 3-4 increasing potential difference slightly each time
- Reverse power supply and repeat steps 2-6
- Repeat experiment replacing fixed resistor with filament bulb and then diode
- Plot a graph of current against potential difference for each
What should each graph look like for a filament lamp, diode and resistor?
Filament lamp - curve ( sine graph )
Diode - one curve in the 2nd quadrant
Resistor - direct proportional
