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Physics summed > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

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1
Q

State examples of vibrational, elastic, nuclear and thermal energy stores

A

Vibrational - atoms, particles in a solid
Elastic - drawn catapults, compressed springs, inflated balloons
Nuclear - uranium 245 undergoing fission
Thermal - human body, nor coffers, stoves jobs etc

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1
Q

State the 8 energy store and their definitions

A

Kinetic - energy associated with moving objects
Chemical - energy associated with chemical bonds
Gravitational - energy associated with an object at height
Electrostatic - energy stored when like / unlike charges repel/ attract
Vibrational- objects vibrating in a fixed place
Elastic- energy stored when an object is stretched, squashed or twisted
Nuclear - nuclear interactions
Thermal - in most cases vibrations of particles, in hotter objects particles move faster

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2
Q

Define the 4 energy transfers

A

Mechanically - by action of a force
Electrically- by an electrical current
Radiation- by light/ sound waves
Heating- by conduction, convection or radiation

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3
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

Joules ( J)

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4
Q

What is spring constant and extension measured in?

A

N/ M
M

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5
Q

State the 5 renewable resources

A

Wind
Solar
HPE
Geothermal
Biofuel

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6
Q

State the 4 non renewable resources

A

Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear gas

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7
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

Amount of energy required to raise 1kg of the material by 1°C

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8
Q

What is mass and specific heat capacity measured in?

A

Kg, J/kg°C

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9
Q

Equation for energy?

A

Energy (J) = voltage (V) x Current (A) x time (s)

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10
Q

Define electricity, charge and potential difference

A

Electricity - a flow of negatively charged electrons
Current - the rate of flow of charge
Potential difference - difference in amount of energy that charge carriers have between two points in a circuit.

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11
Q

Equation for charge? Include units

A

Charge (coulombs) = current (amperes) x time (s)

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12
Q

What is the hand method to Flemings left hand rule and which finger represents what?

A

Thumb - movement ( direction of force )
1st finger / index - magnetic field
Middle finger - current

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13
Q

What are the two forms of current and what do they look like on graphs?

A

Direct current - straight horizontal line used in batteries
Alternating current- curving line on graph (looks like sine graph) used in main supply

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14
Q

Define resistance and give the unit

A

Anything that will resist a current. Measured in ohms.

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15
Q

Equation for resistance

A

Résistance ( ohms ) = voltage / current

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16
Q

How to produce an electromagnet?

A

Wrap a coil conducting electricity around a magnetic metal core ( cobalt, nickel, iron ). A magnetic field is therefore produced around the core. The current and amount of coils influenced the strength.

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17
Q

Define short circuit

A

Components aren’t reached with current as the previous pathways have a very low resistance.

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18
Q

Explain parallel circuit structures

A

Multiple pathways
Current passes through either path - gets smaller each time
Components attached on differing paths
Voltage doesn’t differ
Larger current passes through previous component as the resistance decreases

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19
Q

Explain series circuit structures

A

All components are attached on same path
Current is the same through all components
Voltage decreases across each element
Resistance adds up to the next component as current passes through all components in circuit.

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20
Q

How are ammeters and voltmeters added in circuits?

A

Ammeters - series
Voltmeters - parallel

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21
Q

Define diode

A

Current passes through one direction

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22
Q

Define thermistor

A

As temperature increases, resistance decreases

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23
Q

Define light dependant resistor

A

Resistance decreases if light intensity increases

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24
Q

Define variable resistor

A

A resistor with resistance that can be changed

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25
Q

Define light emitting diode

A

Current passes in one direction and light is given off when passed

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26
Q

What are the values for UK mains supply ( voltage and frequency)

A

230 volts
50 Hz

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27
Q

What colour is the live, the neutral and the earth wire?

A

Neutral - blue
Live - brown
Earth - green / yellow

28
Q

What is the live wires job

A

It carried the current to the appliance and can be deadly if touched

29
Q

What is the neutral wires job

A

This completes the circuit as it at 0 volts’ not deadly

30
Q

What is the earth wires job

A

This ‘earths’ the appliance in case one of the wires touched the casing. It prevents current from entering person.

31
Q

Where is a fuse located in A plug

A

Next to the live wire

32
Q

Define solid

A

Particles are tightly packed and they vibrate in a fixed position. They have a definite shape and volume

33
Q

Define liquid

A

Particles are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to Slide Over one another. They have an indefinite shape and a definite volume

34
Q

Define gas

A

Particles are very fàr apart and move freely. They have both an indefinite shape and volume

35
Q

Define physical change

A

When states change and mass is conserved

36
Q

How do you get from solid to gas straight away?

A

Sublimation

37
Q

How do you get from gas to liquid straight away?

A

Reverse sublimation

38
Q

Define internal energy

A

Total energy that particles have in their kinetic and potential energy stores. This is increased by increasing thermal energy

39
Q

Define density and provide the equation

A

Amount of mass in a volume
How tightly packed matter is

Density = mass / volume

40
Q

What is the most / least dense and has the least / most internal energy in terms of states

A

Gas - less dense
Solid - most dense

Gas - most internal energy
Solid - least internal energy

41
Q

Define specific latent heat

A

How much energy is needed to change the state of 1kg of substance at constant temperature

42
Q

Define specific latent heat fusion

A

Either solid to liquid or liquid to solid

43
Q

Define specific latent heat of vaporisation.

A

Either liquid to gas or gas to liquid

44
Q

What is the plum pudding model and who composed it

A

Comprises a positively charged ball containing negatively charged electrons. It was made by JJ Thompson

45
Q

Define mass number

A

Amount of neutrons and protons in an atom

46
Q

Define atomic number

A

No. of electrons / protons in an atom

47
Q

Define isotope

A

Variations of an atom with the same amount of protons but different amounts of neutrons

48
Q

What do uncharged neutrons affect in atoms?

A

The melting points and density

49
Q

What was Ernest Rutherford experiment and findings?

A

Fired radioactive particles at solid gold, with some back scattered but most being slightly deflected. Concluded that negative electrons orbit a positive nucleus ( protons )

50
Q

What did Nils Bohr conclude?

A

Developed Rutherfords ideas and explained why electrons cannot collide with each other or nuclei. Suggests they were found in shells and proposed the early version of the modern atomic structure

51
Q

What is the pneumonic to remember the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns

52
Q

What are gamma waves properties?

A

High energy electromagnetic radiation
Charge - 0
Mass - 0
Stopped by thick lead
Very weakly ionising
No deflection of magnetic / electrical field

53
Q

What are beta wave properties?

A

High energy electron
Charge - +2
Mass - 1/1860
Stopped by a few mm of aluminium
Weakly ionising
Strongly deflected by magnetic / electric field

54
Q

Define radioactive decay

A

When atomic isotopes are unstable and emit radiation to become more stable

55
Q

How easily is alpha detected and why?

A

Weakly detected due to a +2 charge but a RAM of 4

56
Q

How easily is beta detected and why?

A

Easily detected as -1 charge and small mass

57
Q

How easily is gamma detected and why?

A

Has no mass / charge so isn’t detected

58
Q

Define alpha radiation

A

mass - 4
Atomic number / charge - 2
Helium atom

59
Q

Define beta radiation

A

High energy electron
Charge / atomic number -1
Mass - negligable
Mass number remains same atomic number increases by one.

60
Q

Usages of beta radiation

A

Metal sheetings
Holes in pipes

61
Q

Usages of gamma

A

Medical usage
Scanning etc

62
Q

Uses of alpha

A

Smoke alarms

63
Q

Define half life

A

Time taken for the amount of unstable atoms to half in mass

64
Q

What is the method for finding out the density of an irregular object? (7) steps

A
  1. Record mass of object using measuring scales
  2. Fill a eureka can up until the sprout
  3. Place à measuring cylinder under the sprout
  4. Gently lower object into water using string
  5. Wait for water to drain completely
  6. Volume of water in cylinder = volume of object
  7. Calculate density,
    Density = mass / volume
65
Q

What is the practical to test for specific heat capacity?

A

1.Add oil to a beaker and record the mass
2.Place thermometer and immersion heater into the oil and record initial temperature
3. Wrap beaker in insulating foam to reduce heat loss to surroundings
4. Connect immersion heater to power supply and a joule meter
5. Leave for 30 minutes
6. Read number of joules of energy that passed into immersion heater and record the final temperature of oil

66
Q

What is the practical for testing the length of a wire ( resistance ) 8 steps

A
  1. Attach the wire which is attached to a metre stick to the rest of the circuit using crocodile clips.
  2. The circuit should include a power supply, open switch, ammeter, and a voltmeter in parallel to the wire
  3. Record the current and potential difference using ammeter / voltmeter
  4. Move one of the crocodile clips closed until they are 90cm apart
  5. Record new reading on ammeter / voltmeter.
  6. Repeat previous steps reducing length of wire by 10cm each time down to 10cm
  7. Use results to calculate resistance of each length d
  8. Plot a graph of resistance again length of wire ( should be directly proportional)
67
Q

What is the practical including IV graphs? ( 7 steps )

A
  1. Set up circuit with power supply and voltage supply, ammeter, variable resistor and voltmeter in parallel to fixed resistor
  2. Record reading on ammeter and voltmeter
  3. Alter resistance using variable resistor
  4. Record new readings on ammeter and voltmeter
  5. Repeat steps 3-4 increasing potential difference slightly each time
  6. Reverse power supply and repeat steps 2-6
  7. Repeat experiment replacing fixed resistor with filament bulb and then diode
  8. Plot a graph of current against potential difference for each
68
Q

What should each graph look like for a filament lamp, diode and resistor?

A

Filament lamp - curve ( sine graph )
Diode - one curve in the 2nd quadrant
Resistor - direct proportional

Physics summed (2 decks)

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