Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Molecules > Everything On Biological Mol > Flashcards

Everything On Biological Mol Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name some roles of lipids

A

Electrical insulation
Cushioning for vital organs
Thermal insulation
Membrane formation
Hormone production
Long term energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a triglyceride consist of? Which type of bonds hold it together?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What elements do lipids contain?

A

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are lipids made of one molecule of glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

They are formed in condensation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many water molecules are needed when breaking down triglyceride?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are saturated lipids found in ?

A

Animal fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false “saturated lipids don’t contain any carbon-carbon double bonds”

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where can unsaturated lipids be found in ?

A

Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which type of lipid melts at lower temperatures?

A

Unsaturated lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

True or false “unsaturated lipids contain carbon-carbon double bonds”

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why does unsaturated lipids have lower melting points?

A

Because the greater number of unsaturated bonds, the weaker the intermolecular bonds resulting in lower melting points.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do phospholipids contain?

A

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are phosphate heads? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic meaning ‘water loving’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What elements are in carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What elements are in proteins ?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulphur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What elements are in nucleic acids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and a phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is water a polar molecule ?

A

Due to the unevenly distributed charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 key properties resulting from the fact that water is polar?

A

As a coolant
Provides habitats
As a transport medium
As an important solvent in reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does polar mean?

A

Hydrophilic “water loving”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Mono refers to ‘1’
Smaller units which can create larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Poly refers to ‘many’
Made from lots of monomers bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Considering glucose is a monomer what polymers does it form?

A

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Considering amino acid is a monomer, what polymer does it form?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Considering nucleotide is a monomer, what polymer does it form?

A

DNA and RNA

27
Q

In terms of carbohydrates, give some examples of monosaccharides (one sugar unit)

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

28
Q

In terms of carbohydrates, give some examples of disaccharides ( meaning 2 sugars bonded together)

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

29
Q

In terms of carbohydrates, give some examples of polysaccharides ( meaning many sugars bonded)

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

30
Q

State the function of glycogen and explain how the structure of glycogen is linked to its function.

A

Glycogen is a polysaccharide of alpha glucose, which is used to store excess glucose in animals. It has a branched structure meaning glucose can be released quickly. Also compact molecule so its good for storage

31
Q

What is the general formula for a saturated fatty acid?

A

CnH(2n+1)COOH

32
Q

What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

They hydrocarbon tails are different

33
Q

Explain how phospholipids molecules arrange themselves in cell membrane and relate this to their structure.

A

They arrange themselves into a phospholipid double layer. With fatty acids tails facing towards each other. This is because the tails are hydrophobic forcing them to face inwards, away from the water on either side of the membrane.

34
Q

Is cholesterol is another type of lipid?

A

Yes

35
Q

What kind of structure does cholesterol have?

A

Hydrocarbon ring structure attached to a hydrocarbon tail.

36
Q

How does cholesterol molecules help strengthen the cell membrane?

A

By interacting with the phospholipid bilayer

37
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose structure and beta glucose structure?

A

The OH and H atoms are reversed in C1

38
Q

What is the result of monosaccharides joining together?

A

Disaccharides and polysaccharides

39
Q

What are monosaccharides joined by

A

Glycosidic bonds

40
Q

What are monosaccharides joined by

A

Glycosidic bonds

41
Q

What happens in a condensation bond relating to monosaccharides

A

During synthesis, a hydrogen atom on one monosaccharide bonds to a hydroxyl (OH) group on the other, releasing a molecule of water.

42
Q

What is the opposite of a condensation reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

43
Q

What happens during hydrolysis?

A

A molecules of water reacts with the glycosidic bond, breaking it apart

44
Q

What are the 3 polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

45
Q

Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides of alpha glucose. Which two polysaccharides

A

Amylose and amylopectin

46
Q

Why is it useful that starch is insoluble in water?

A

It doesn’t cause water to enter cells by osmosis. It makes it good for storage.

47
Q

State the structure and function of amylose.

A

A long unbranched chain of alpha glucose. Coiled structure. It makes it compact, so its good for storage because you can fit more in to a small space

48
Q

What is the function and structure of amylopectin

A

A long branched chain of alpha glucose. Its side branches allow the enzymes that break down the molecule to get at the glycosidic bonds easily. Meaning glucose can be released quickly.

49
Q

What is the structure of glycogen

A

It has lots of side branches coming off it. Loads of branches means that stored glucose can be released quickly which is important for energy release in animals. Also a very compact molecule so its good for storage

50
Q

What kind of glucose is cellulose made from

A

Beta glucose

51
Q

Why does cholesterol have a small size and a flattened shape?

A

Because it allows cholesterol to fit in between the phospholipid molecules in the membrane.

52
Q

Why does cholesterol bind to hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids

A

It causes them to pack more closely together which helps to make the membrane less fluid and more rigid.

53
Q

What is a nucleotide ?

A

A type of biological molecule

54
Q

What is a nucleotide made from?

A

.It is made from a Pentose sugar (a sugar with 5 carbon atoms)
. A nitrogen containing base
. A phosphate group

55
Q

What is RNA used for?

A

To make proteins from the instructions in DNA

56
Q

What is ADP and ATP?

A

They are special types of nucleotides which are used to store and transport energy in cells

57
Q

What is the sugar in DNA called

A

Deoxyribose

58
Q

What are the 4 possible bases?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine.

59
Q

Which base is considered a purine?

A

A and G

60
Q

Which bases are pyrimidine?

A

C and T

61
Q

What’s is the structure of a purine base?

A

Contains two carbon nitrogen rings joined together

62
Q

What is the structure of a pyrimidine base?

A

Has one carbon nitrogen ring

63
Q

Which base is smaller purine or pyrimidine?

A

Pyrimidine.

Biological Molecules (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions