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everything & nothing Flashcards

1
Q

malaria vaccines

A
  • RTS, S/AS01 vaccine (4 doses from ~5months of age)
  • R21/Matrix-M vaccine
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2
Q

economics definition

A

economics as a discipline is concerned with choices. choices about what to do with scarce resources which have multiple uses

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3
Q

health economics definition

A

is the branch of economics concerned with issues related to the production and consumption of health and healthcare, including efficiency, effectiveness, equity, value and behaviour

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4
Q

economic evaluation definition

A

the comparative analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both their costs and consequences

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5
Q

health related quality of life definition

A

a multi-dimensional concept that includes domains related to physical, mental, emotional, and social functioning

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6
Q

definition of ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio)

A

it is a measure of cost-effectiveness of an intervention when compared to another (even if that be ‘do nothing’)

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7
Q

definition: patient costs

A

costs associated with healthcare that are borne by the patient. these are typically separated into direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs (lost time)

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8
Q

what is cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

A

costs expressed in monetary units, and effect can be any measure of health, often a natural measure of health eg premature deaths averted

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9
Q

CEA

A

costs are measured in terms of money compared to health benefits they provide eg how many premature deaths are prevented

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10
Q

cost-utility analysis CUA

A

can be considered as a ‘sub-case’ of CEA (often used interchangeably), with costs again expressed in money, but the health effect is a generic measure of health gain (eg QALY, DALY)

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11
Q

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

A

both costs and outcomes expressed in monetary items

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12
Q

ICER incremental cost effectiveness ratio

A

is used to summarise the relative cost-effectiveness of one health intervention compared to another (even if this is ‘do nothing’). it is calculated by dividing the incremental costs by the incremental effects

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13
Q

ICERs

A

are compared to a cost-effectiveness threshold to determine if an intervention is cost-effective ‘i.e. value for money’. when a generic measure of outcome is used (eg qaly or daly) an intervention can be compared with those made elsewhere in the system

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14
Q

ICER

A

cost of int A - cost of int B divided by effect of int A - effect of int B

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15
Q

QALY & DALY

A

are generic measures of health, which combine both morbidity and mortality in a single measure. such measures are necessary to allow the comparison of interventions across the health system, essential for the fair allocation of health resources

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16
Q

calculation of QALYs & DALYs

A
  • health is characterized into individual defined ‘health states’
  • each state is assigned a numeric value, quantifying the experience of living state
  • estimates of life expectancy with and without the condition(s) are then factored in Dalys Qalys
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17
Q

DALY - disability-adjusted life-year

A
  • measure of health lost/disease burden- i.e. dalys are undesirable
  • ‘off-the-shelf’ disability weights (0-1) for different diseases/conditions- comprehensive list published by ‘GBD’
  • much more commonly used in LMICs
  • daly = years of life lost due to mortality (yll) + years lost due to disability (yld)
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18
Q

DALY =

A

years of life lost due to mortality (yll) + years lost due to disability (yld)

19
Q

QALY - Quality adjusted life-year

A
  • measure of health (i.e. qalys are desirable)
  • perfect health for one year = ‘half health’ for 2 years = 1 qaly
  • individual value sets for specific countries
  • NICE uses them in UK
  • vast majority of QALY studies in upper-middle-income / high income countries
20
Q

Definition: sex

A

refers to biological differences between men & women

21
Q

Definition: Gender

A

refers to those characteristics of women and men that are socially and culturally constructed- women’s and men’s different behavior, roles, expectations and responsibilities in a given cultural context

22
Q

Gender is

A

socially constructed
unequal and hierarchical
ideological
institutional
relational

23
Q

gender inequities

A

= differences between women and men’s situation which are avoidable or unfair e.g. in:
- allocation of health resources
- access to/utilisation of healthcare
- health status

24
Q

Inequity vs inequality

A

while inequality describes differences or disparities between individuals or groups, inequity emphasizes the unfairness or injustice inherent in these disparities, often resulting from systemic factors or social structures that disadvantage certain groups

25
Q

efficiency

A

means achieving the best result / health outcome possible with the resources available

26
Q

cost utility

A

considers not only the health of benefits of interventions but also their impact on individuals quality of life

27
Q

value for money

A

broader concept. achieving the best possible outcomes given the resources available while also considering the wider social and economic context. also their impact on health equity and sustainability

28
Q

define efficiency and distinguish the concept from cost-effectiveness, cost utility and value for money in relation to health programs

A

efficiency focuses on maximizing health outcomes with limited resources, while cost-effectiveness and cost-utility specifically assess the relationship between costs and health benefits. value for money analysis considers efficiency along with other factors to evaluate the overall impact and value of healthcare interventions

29
Q

define equity and distinguish the concept from inequalities, horizontal and vertical equity and equity impact in relation to health programmes

A

should mention the notion of fairness in the delivery of health programs and explain the distinction in promoting the same treatment for the same condition (horizontal equity) and the unequal treatment for different conditions (vertical equity)

30
Q

purpose of public health practice

A
  • improve health and well being of the population
  • prevent disease and minimize its consequences
  • prolong valued life
  • reduce inequalities in health
31
Q

medicine storage conditions

A

temperature
humidity
light
security

32
Q

gender equality

A

the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys

33
Q

gender equity

A

fairness of treatment for women and men, according to their respective needs

34
Q

ACT - possible combinations for uncomplicated malaria in children

A

Artemether + Lumefantrine
Artesunate + Amodiaquine
Artesunate + Mefloquine
Dihydroartemisinin + Piperaquine

NOT
Artesunate + Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (hyperbilirubinemia)

35
Q

TB standard treatment

A

2 months: rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide
4 months: rifampicin + isoniazid

36
Q

TB treatment if isoniazid resistance

A

rifampicin ethambutol pyrazinamide
+ fluorchinolone = levoflaxacin

37
Q

TB treatment if Rifampicin resistance

A

BPaL(m)
Bedaquiline + Pretomanid + Linezolid (+ Moxifloxacin)

38
Q

HIV first line

A

Tenofovir+Lamivudine+Dolutegravir
Tenofovir+Lamivudine+Efavirenz

39
Q

HiV treatment 1st line in children

A

Abacavir+Lamivudine+Dolutegravir
Abacavir+Lamivudine+Lopinavir OR Ritonavir

40
Q

HIV treatment 2nd line

A

Zidovudine+Lamivudine+Atazanir or Lopinavir

or (when NO dolutegravir in 1st)

Zidovudine+Lamivudine+Dolutegravir

41
Q

TB in newborn TST pos

A

Isoniazid for xxx? (3-6m?)

42
Q

children TB treatment (3m-16y)

A

2 months RHZE
+ 2months RH

43
Q

Isoniadzid preventive treatment

A

for all children under 5 in household with tb pos
for 6-9 months

shorter new more expensive regimen
RH for 3m
H + Rifapentine 3m

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