everything idk Flashcards
s’clav lymph nodes treated at what depth
3 cm
temporary epilation begins at what dose
2000 cGy
most common dose limiting toxicity for chemo drugs
myelosuppression
100-1000 cGy causes symptoms for which syndrome
hematopoietic
shock caused by sepsis, deep anesthesia, or administration of contrast is
vasogenic
1000-5000 cGy would result in what syndrome
GI
what cells are most radiosensitive
basal
areas where the dose equivalent exposure is 0.1 rem/week are classified as
uncontrolled areas
symptoms of unilateral hearing loss and an enlarged cervical lymph node have what diagnosis
nasopharyngeal
quality factor for xrays
1
once a woman is pregnant, she has limited radiation exposure to the embryo or fetus to
0.5 rem
what is the most radiosensitive stage of gestation
preimplantation
is radiolucent dark or bright on radiographs
dark
IMRT xray output consistency should be checked on a(n) _____ basis
daily
does NRC or NCRP regulate use of radioactive materials to ensure adequate protection of public health and safety
NRC
temporary azoospermia vs permanent azoospermia
temporary: <500 cGy
permanent: >500 cGy
does NRC or NCRP establish suggested dose limits for safe practices in the US
NCRP
most common type of bladder cancer
transitional cell
PCI is used for what primary diagnosis
small cell carcinoma
at what does will the spinal cord suffer myelopathy
4500 cGy +
wilm’s tumor originates in the
kidneys
neuroblastoma originates in the
sympathetic nervous system
billing for tangent breast
complex
in the H/N, what has the least nodal involvement
glottis
at what dose does neutron contamination occur
10 MV
what is the main site of breast lymph drainage
axillary
what is the chemo for non hodgkins
CHOP
what chemical prevents arcing in the waveguide
sulfur hexafluoride
difference between level 1 and level 2 axillary lymph nodes
level 1: under inf portion and lateral to pectoralis minor
level 2: under pectoralis muscle
base of tongue first spreads to what lymph node
jugulodigastric
what are MLC leaves made of
tungsten
what is the process posterior to the earlobe that can be used to mark the inf border of the whole brain field
mastoid
the prostate can be located by what body part
neck of femur
where is the most common site for heterotopic bone formation
acetabulum
what is the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum called
sternal angle
what vertebral body is the SSN
T2
what vertebral body is tip X
T10
what vertebral level is the cricoid
C6
what vertebral level is the hyoid
C3
what dose does erythema occur at
2000-3000 cGy
what dose does faint erythema occur at
1000-2000 cGy
what dose does dry desquamation occur at
3000-4000 cGy
what dose does moist desquamation occur at
4000 cGy
what vertebral level is the angle of Louis (sternal angle)
T4
highly reactive species with an unpaired valence or outer shell electron
free radicle
radiation exposure during the gestational period of ______ days affects the nervous system
23 -37 days
interaction that is true absorption
photoelectric effect
primary lymphatic drainage of testicle
periaortic
what trimester in pregnancy can you get chemo
third
1 rem is ____ Sv
0.01
legal term that describes the actions of a therapist that would be used by another therapist in similar circumstances is
standard of care
myelopathy occurs at what dose for conventional fractionation
50 Gy
center number of a range of CT numbers displayed in an image
window level
indirect action of radiation is the result of the ionization of ________ surrounding the cell
water
effective dose equivalent limit for occupational exposure in a year in rem and mSv
5 rem/year
50 mSv/year
maximum exposure of radiation in a year in mrem and mSv for general public/population
1 mSv/year
100 mrem/year
what cancer is chemo concurrently administered with RT
lung
imaging size of CT scanner is most dependent on
SFOV
what angles the beam within the head of the gantry
bending magnet
cataracts occur at
total dose: 1000 cGy
single dose: 200 cGy
a cancerous tumor of the glandular tissue
adenocarcinoma
what 2 lymph node routes does ovarian cancer spread most often
para-aortic and pelvic
electron beam energy is reduced by _____ MeV per cm in unit density tissue
2 MeV per cm
with a 12 MeV beam at a depth of 2 cm, what is the electron energy reduced to
8 MeV
what converts light to an electrical signal
photodiode assembly
match: voxel and pixel to 3D and 2D
voxel: 3D
pixel: 2D
organ at greast risk when treating para aortics
kidney
what is used to drain the intrapleural space and mediastinum
thoracotomy tube
where does esophageal cancer distantly metastasize (5)
liver, lung, bone, adrenal glands, brain
what is TAR independent of
distance
contradictions to iodine based IV contrast (7)
pregnancy**
hypertension
poor kidney function
creatinine > 1.4 mg/dL **
old people
diabetes
multiple myeloma
is IMRT inverse or forward planning
inverse
field instrument used to detect x-radiation, gamma radiation, and beta radiation in real time
Geiger-Muller
codes used for billing professional and technical aspects of care are
current procedural terminology codes
what are common routes of distant mets for ALL (4)
liver
spleen
CNS
testicles
SI unit of absorbed dose
Grey
exterior assembly of a chest tube must always remain…
below patient’s chest
what are 3 dose limiting factors for cisplatin and carboplatin
myelosuppression
nephrotoxicity
vomiting
what vertebral body is adjacent to the base of the heart
T4
electron and photon output tolerances (daily and monthly)
monthly: 2%
daily: 3%
what is the primary element in cerrobend
bismuth
tolerance and frequency for gantry & collimator angles
monthly
1 degree
normal BUN level for an adult
7-20 mg/ul
the cricoid is the inferior border of the…
larynx
the ________ dose is the total dose that will significantly increase the probability of severe normal tissue reactions
tolerance
what determines exposure rates from patients with therapeutic doses of radioactive materials
cutie pie
surgical technique used in testicular cancer patients
radical orchiectomy
the sum of all weighted equivalent doses for all irradiated tissues or organs is defined as ______ dose.
effective
respiratory gating is used when tumor motion varies by
> 5 mm
what is kinesics
nonverbal communication including body movement and facial expressions
what is used to check light field and radiation field agreement (2)
solid water
ready pack film
total dose equivalent limit for an embryo/fetus
5 mSv
lymphatic drainage from kidney
para-aortic
what blood study will be analyzed if myelosuppression is an issue
WBC
the most radiosensitive cell during female germ development
oocyte
radioactive sources must be physically inspected every
6 months
maximum FS in LINAC
40x40
veracity
the duty to tell the truth and avoid deception
inguinal nodes drain to the
vulva, uterus, ovaries, and vagina
what dosimeter is not affected by heat, moisture or pressure
OSL
what lymph nodes in the H/N are most likely to be affected by mets
cervical
radiation dose to prostate post op
65-70 GY @ 200 cGy/fx
in wilms tumor, why would the field extend to the other side
to allow for symmetrical growth in spine
difference between assault and slander
Falsely stating that a patient has HIV is an example of - slander
what travels further droplet particles or airborne particles
airborne
PPE put on first
gown
PPE put on last
gloves
PPE taken off first
gloves
PPE removed last
mask
contrast used for GI
barium sulfate
contrast used in MRI
gadolinium
contrast used in CT for blood vessels
iodinated contrast
the SI unit of dose equivalent
Sv
most efficient way to increase protection from radiation
distance
power source for the waveguide
modulator
amplifies microwaves
klystron
T/F: frequency and wavelength are
inversely proportional
true
what has the highest quality factor
alpha particles
OER in human cells
2.5-3
point on dose response relationship graph that represents cells capability to repair
Dq
point on a dose response relationship graph that shows the cells radiosensitivity
Do
unit that expresses amount of radiation absorbed by a person
Sv
radiation instrument used to check linac’s beam output daily
diode
radiation instrument used to calibrate ion chambers in a linac
thimble chambers
elements with z numbers higher than ____ are more radiosensitive
92
what source uses a nylon ribbon with an afterloader
iridium
what type of radiation dose is typically monitored using personnel dosimeters
equivalent dose
which of the 4 R’s is the most unfavorable for malignant tumors
repopulation
Which of the following pathology types of testicular cancers is the most radio resistant?
nonseminoma
Which of the following leukemia types is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
CML
Which of the following leukemia types is NOT treated with BMT?
CLL
Which type of chemotherapy is a radioprotector?
amifostine
Which is an effect observed by a doctor? sign or symptom
sign
What is the normal range for white blood cells?
3,900-10,800/mm3
What is the normal range for red blood cells?
3.90-5.40 million/mm3
What is the normal range for hemoglobin?
12.0-16.0 g/dL
What is the normal range for platelets?
150,000-425,000/mm3
SRS typically treats tumors sizes smaller than:
3 cm
When the planner chooses the direction, number, size and shape of the beam and then the computer calculates isodose lines, this is called:
forward planning
When the planner chooses the tolerance dose and then the computer generates a plan based off of these parameters, this is called:
inverse planning
____ contrast media would appear dark on a radiographic image.
negative
___ contrast media would appear bright on a radiographic image.
positive
Name the tumor volume that encompasses the palpable tumor:
GTV
Name the tumor volume that encompasses a margin for breathing:
ITV
Name the tumor volume that encompasses a margin around the palpable tumor to include microscopic disease
CTV
Where is the physical field size defined?
50% isodose line
What % of transmission is permitted through the collimating jaws?
0.5%
Which electron isodose line is considered the useful range of electrons?
50%
Which electron isodose line is considered the therapeutic range of electrons?
90%
what is TAR independent of
SSD
Dose compensators have been replaced by:
IMRT
The SI unit Becquerel matches which conventional unit?
curie
equations in rem and mSv to calculate cumulative exposure
1 rem x age
10 mSv x age
interaction between a photon and nucleus
pair production
flattening filters…
decrease beam intensity along the CA
A ring badge worn by a physicist handling radioactive sources is a type of:
TLD
What is the maximum dose permitted to the lens of the eye to someone who does NOT work in radiation oncology or radiology?
1.5 rem
What is the maximum annual dose permitted to the hands of a physicist who handles radioactive materials?
500 mSv
common sites for lung mets (6)
liver, brain, bones, bone marrow, adrenal glands, and/or kidneys.
The ethical principle that follows the principle to do no harm is:
beneficience
The Mayneord’s F factor is a correction for which of the following:
distance
The most common location for distant metastasis of sarcomas is to:
lung
To find the therapeutic range of electrons, divide the energy by:
4
therapeutic ratio formula
normal tissue tolerance/lethal tumor dose
how do you avoid beam overlap for 3 or 4 field breast treatments
half-beam block and monoisocentric technique
OR
dual isocenters and couch rotations
OR
half beam block and couch rotations
The depth of dose equilibrium is most dependent on:
beam energy
Which type of photon interaction is most likely to occur during kV imaging?
photoelectric effect
Which side effect is MOST likely to occur after partial brain treatments of 6000 cGy?
epilation
Which of the following lung cancer pathologies has a higher incidence of metastatic spread?
small cell
After what dose to the head and neck should the treatment plan be altered to go “off cord”?
4500 cGy
What is the material that is used for OSLs?
aluminum oxide
Which type of radiation travels the furthers through matter?
xrays
Which isodose curve is used to define the physical radiation field for a 15 MV beam?
50%
The x-ray interaction in which the photon’s energy is completely absorbed is:
photoelectric
is physician’s objective a sign or symptom
sign
To preserve the skin sparing properties of the MV photon beams, the compensator must be placed at least ____ from the skin.
15-20 cm
Backscatter has a direct relationship with:
field size
The ratio of a dose at a given point within a phantom compared to the dose at the same point in free space is called:
TAR
If a partial arc is utilized for a treatment & the tumor is located 8 cm below the skin surface, where should the beam be aimed?
distal to the tumor
Lymph drainage from the skin of the scrotum is likely to:
inguinal and iliac nodes
The useful range in tissue of a 10 MeV electron beam is:
5 cm
A wedge with a transmission factor of 0.91 means that ______ is attenuated by the beam.
9%
When calculating for shielding for the linear area control room, which is directly monitored by the radiation safety officer, it should be limited to an exposure of:
1 mSv/week
5 cm of lead is equivalent to _____ of cerrobend
6 cm
CT images are initially acquired in which plane?
axial
The most common location for hematogenous spread of the pancreas is:
liver
The photon interaction with an outer shell electron that does not affect the photon’s energy is:
coherent scattering
The machine that operates at an energy range of 150-500 kV is known as:
ortho
Which type of radiation penetrates the LEAST in human tissue?
alpha particles
beta particles have a QF of
1
what organ is not involved in the Whipple procedure
liver
Aside from collimating jaws, scatter also occurs with:
flattening filter
What is the dmax for a 9 MeV beam?
2.2 cm
A photon strikes an object and scattered radiation occurs. This is due to:
compton effects
The main purpose of a beam spoiler in a photon beam is to:
increase the build up region
Stochastic effects are also called:
probabilistic effect
The prescription for a patient’s radiation therapy treatment includes all of the following EXCEPT:
MUs
vertebral level of pancreas
L1
a medical event is when the total dose delivered is at least ___ different from the prescription
20%
what cancer can spread via skip metastasis
esophagus
Which of the following radiation measurements takes into account the quality factor?
Sv
Tumors within the vagina are MOST likely to spread to which lymph nodes?
inguinal
The energy range of a superficial therapy unit is:
50-150 kV
3/3 esophagus
5500 cGy
3/3 stomach
5000 cGy
3/3 small intestine
4000 cGy
3/3 colon
4500 cGy
3/3 rectum
6000 cGy
3/3 bladder
6500 cGy
3/3 femoral head
5200 cGy
3/3 TMJ
5200 cGy
3/3 rib cage
5000 cGy
3/3 spinal cord
4700 cGy
cauda equine
6000 cGy
brachial plexus
6000 cGy
3/3 brain stem
5000 cGy
3/3 optic nerve
5000 cGy
3/3 optic chiasma
5000 cGy
3/3 eye lens
1000 cGy
3/3 eye retina
4500 cGy
3/3 larynx necrosis
7000 cGy
3/3 larynx edema
4500 cGy
3/3 parotid
3200 cGy
3/3 lung
1750 cGy
3/3 heart
4000 cGy
3/3 liver
3000 cGy
3/3 skin
5500 cGy
3/3 ear
3000 cGy
dose at permanent epilation
4500 cGy
dose at temporary and permanent mouth changes (stomatitis, xerostomia…)
temporary: 2000-3000 cGy
permanent: 4000-5000 cGy
what dose does pharyngitis occur at
2000-3000 cGy
what dose does laryngitis occur at
4000 cGy
what dose does esophagitis occur at
2000-3000 cGy
what dose does nausea/vomiting occur at
1000-2000 cGy
what dose does diarrhea/colic occur at
2000-5000 cGy
what dose does cystitis occur at
3000-4000 cGy
what dose does temporary and permanent sterility of testes occur at
temporary: <500 cGy
permanent: >500 cGy
what dose does bone and soft tissue necrosis occur at
6000 cGy
