Everything else test 1 Flashcards
what is the function of astrocytes?
Mechanical & metabolic support via podocytes
Modulate environment, neurotransmitter metabolism, synaptic transmission
Secrete growth factors
CNS
what is the function of endodymal cells?
create CSF Simple epithelium lining CNS cavities
Characterized by cilia, are usually cuboidal, Also, choroid plexuses of ventricles
what is the function of an oligodendrocyte?
Cell processes envelop axons to form myelin sheath
1 oligodendrocyte : multiple axons CNS
what is the function of schwann cells?
mylenate axons in the PNS multiple schwann cells per axon
what kinds of channel does an EPSP open?
sodium channels promotes depolorization
what kind of channel does an IPSP open?
cl- channels inhibits depolorization (k+ can also outflow)
ACH function in PNS and CNS?
CNS used for wakefullness, attention and REM sleep generation
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS) Ach is involved with all autonomics, including the postganglionic actions of the parasympathetic branch, as well as the major neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
What is the function of GABA and receptor types?
GABA is an inhibitory amino acid that acts on GABA-a=fast acting inotropic receptors and GABA-b = metabotropic receptors GABA is main inhibitory compound
What is the main excitatory compound in the CNS?
glutamate which binds AMPA allowing Na into cells… also binds NMDA which if enough na enters kicks of mg allowing ca into cell which acts as second messenger
what receptors does ATP act on?
acts on both neurons and glia. Fast actions through the P2X Receptor, Slow actions through the P2Y Receptor
adenosine is metabolite of ATP that acts on P1 receptor
what is a Meissner’s corpuscle?
cutaneous mechanorecptor touch receptor located in glabrous skin responds rapidly to touch but dies off if continual stimulation
what is a merkel’s disk?
cutaneous mechanoreceptor slow and continuous responds to pressure
what does a pacinian corpuscle respond to?
rapid responds to vibration
what do ruffini’s endings respond to?
slow, respond to pressure
what do hair follicle receptors respond to?
rapid (fast but die off) touch
what is the difference between type 1a and type 2 sensory fibers in muscle spindles?
Type Ia Wrap around all spindle types at the center of spindle Annulospiral endings Provide info on LENGTH AND VELOCITY Type II Innervate nuclear chain and only STATIC nuclear bag fibers LENGTH ONLY Flower spray endings Provide info only on length
explain golgi tendon
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) are more responsive to active muscle stretch than muscle spindles
Use Ib axons
Often used in negative feedback circuits
tells muscle to relax to stop straining muscle
what two factors have the greatest effect on conduction velocity of a neuron?
myelination and diameter ( mylenated and largter diameter=faster
what cranial nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch and what are its derivitives?
CN VII facial N
Hyoid arch:
Stapes; styloid process; stylohyoid ligament; lesser horn of hyoid; upper body of hyoid
Muscles of facial expression
Stapedius; stylohyoid; posterior belly of digastric; auricular m.
what cranial nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
Glossopharyngeal N CN IX
Greater horn of hyoid; lower body of hyoid
Muscle Derivatives:
Stylopharyngeus m.
what cranial nerve is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch and what are its derivatives?
Superior laryngeal branch of vagus (CN X)
Laryngeal cartilages:
Thyroid; cricoid; arytenoid; corniculate; cuneiform
Muscle Derivatives:
Cricothyroid; levator veli palatini; pharyngeal constrictors
what cranial nerve is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch and what are its derivatives?
CN X vagus mainly recurrent laryngeal arch
Laryngeal cartilages:
Thyroid; cricoid; arytenoid; corniculate; cuneiform
Muscle Derivatives:
Intrinsic mm. of larynx; skeletal muscle in upper esophagus
what cranial nerve is associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch and what are the derivatives?
CN V3 mandibular trigeminal
Frontal process, maxillary process, mandibular process,, incus and malleous (meckels cartilidge)
Muscles: mastication-Temporalis; pterygoid mm.; masseter; anterior belly of digastric; mylohyoid; tensor tympani; tensor veli palatini
what does cleft one form?
forms external acoustic meatus and contributes to tympanic membrane.
what does cleft 2-4 form?
form the cervical sinus (ectodermal epithelium) which is later obliterated with overgrowth of Arch 2.
what does pouch 1 form?
forms auditory tube, middle ear, and contributes to tympanic membrane, mastoid air cells.
what does pouch 2 form?
forms palatine tonsillar fossa.
what does pouch 3 form?
forms inferior parathyroid glands and thymus.
what does pouch 4 form?
forms superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body (NC) that is incorporated into the thyroid.
what causes a brachial fistula?
Branchial fistulas occur when second arch fails to overgrow the third and fourth arches. The cervical cyst retains a connection with the surface (external fistula). In rare cases, the lateral cervical cyst can open into the pharynx (internal fistula).
Digeorge syndrom Catch 22 is associated with malformation of what arches
pharyngeal arches 3, 4
treacher collins and robin sequence is associated with which pharyngeal arch?
pharyngeal arch 1
goldenhar syndrome is associated with which pharyngeal arch?
1 and 2
pathology of thyroglossal cyst?
cyst formed in remnant of thyroglossal duct; found along midline
pathology of cervical cyst?
cervical sinus fails to degenerate; found along the anterior border of the SCM.
pathology of Ectopic Glandular Tissue?
glandular tissue persists along course of migration. thyroid
