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Behavioral Neuroscience Exam Tres > Everything Else > Flashcards

Everything Else Flashcards

1
Q

Cluster of hypothalamic neurons that generates a biological clock

A

Superchiasmatic nucleus (Circadian pacemaker)

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2
Q

Superchiasmatic nucleus lesions disrupts circadian rhythms for which two actions

A

Water drinking
Locomotor behavior

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3
Q

What are external cues that entrain us to circadian rhythms called

A

Zeitgebers

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4
Q

What are the four main zeitgebers

A

Light
Environmental temperature
Barometric pressure
Environmental noise

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5
Q

What rhythm dictates predictable patterns of behavioral, biochemical, and physiological functions

A

Circadian rhythm

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6
Q

What kind of circadian rhythm do humans and primates have

A

Diurnal

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7
Q

What kind of circadian rhythm do rodents and mammals have

A

Nocturnal

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8
Q

Hamsters placed in zeitgeiber-free conditions expressed no …

A

discernible circadian rhythm

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9
Q

Intact hamsters with the _________ exhibit a _________ under zeitgeiber-free conditions

A

tau gene mutation; 20-hour rhythm phenotype

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10
Q

Nerves that transmit information from the retina

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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11
Q

Retinal ganglion cells contain _______ which depolarizes the membrane when exposed to _______

A

melanopsin; light

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12
Q

Retinal ganglion cells are mostly sensitive to _____ wavelengths of light

A

low wavelengths

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13
Q

Some melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells project to the brainstem. Signals from these suppress …

A

Melatonin synthesis

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14
Q

What type of genes provide a molecular clock for regulating protein production in a 24 hour cycle

A

Period genes (per genes)

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15
Q

Clock and Cycle proteins dimerize and bind to DNA to promote transcription of ____ and __________

A

per; cryptochrome

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16
Q

______ mutations cause periods that are shorter than normal
__________ mutations cause severe arrhythmia

A

Tau mutations; Double Clock mutations

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17
Q

Biological rhythms that are longer than a day

A

Infradian rhythm

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18
Q

Biological rhythms that are shorter than a day

A

Ultradian rhythm

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19
Q

Emotions are ____________ deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others

A

subjective mental states

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20
Q

Emotions include adaptive responses that support _______

A

survival

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21
Q

What are the three main emotional components

A

Bodily arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experiences

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22
Q

Emotions are associated with ________

A

arousal states

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23
Q

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system are mediated through the _________

A

Spinal cord

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24
Q

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

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25
Q

Sympathetic division prepares organisms for _________ response

A

fight-or-flight

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26
Q

__________ division prepares organisms for __________

A

Parasympathetic division; rest-n-digest

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27
Q

According to Darwin, certain expressions of emotions are ________ among all humans

A

universal

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28
Q

Evolutionary psychologists argue that emotions are ___________ to coordinate various responses to __________

A

motivated programs; solve problems

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29
Q

What are the two categories of facial muscles

A

Superficial facial muscles
Deep facial muscles

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30
Q

Superficial facial muscles attach to facial skin and are innervated by _________

A

cranial nerves

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31
Q

Deep facial muscles attach to skeletal structures in the head and are innervated by the ________ of the ________ nerve

A

motor branch; trigeminal nerve

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32
Q

Medial forebrain bundle carries reward signals from reward/arousal brain regions to the _________ and __________

A

nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex

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33
Q

Series of interconnected brain regions that mediate and regulate emotion and reward

A

Limbic system

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34
Q

What syndrome is caused by bilateral amygdala damage and is characterized by the absence of fear and aggression

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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35
Q

In fear conditioning, the _______ is critical for aversive conditioning and appetitive conditioning

A

amygdala

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36
Q

_________ fuel male aggression

A

Androgens

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37
Q

Castration usually reduces _________ behaviors

A

intermale aggressive behaviors

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38
Q

___________ temporarily reinstates higher aggressive behaviors

A

Exogenous androgen

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39
Q

(True or False) Ovariectomy does affect female aggressive behaviors

A

False

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40
Q

(True of False) Adults treated with extra testosterone do not exhibit more aggression

A

True

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41
Q

Nonaggressive tendencies in males are associated with _________ in family functioning and lower levels of ____________

A

satisfaction; circulating testosterone

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42
Q

What are the two confounding variables that affect testosterone levels

A

Experience
Dominance

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43
Q

Aggression involves _________, _________, and especially __________

A

dopamine; vasopressin; serotonin

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44
Q

Vasopressin, oxytocin, and endogenous opioids ________ aggression

A

control

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45
Q

Optogenetic stimulation of the __________ causes a mating male to attack the female

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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46
Q

Process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

A

Stress

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47
Q

Stress is experienced on what three levels

A

Cellular level
Hormonal level
Behavioral level

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48
Q

Hans Salye defined stress as _______ and _______ on the body by life

A

wear and tear

49
Q

Body does well with _________ stress but ___________ will damage the body

A

temporary stress; long-term stress

50
Q

General Adaption Syndrome has how many phases

A

Three phases

51
Q

Which phase of General Adaptation Syndrome is described by

Stressor occurs
Body’s alarm reaction occurs
Body mobilizes resources

A

Phase 1

52
Q

Which phase of General Adaptation Syndrome is described by

Body tries to be resistant to the stressor
Cope with the stressor
The body’s resistance to stress can only last for so long before exhaustion sets in

A

Phase 2

53
Q

Which phase of General Adaptation Syndrome is described by

Exhaustion occurs
Body’s resources are depleted

A

Phase 3

54
Q

Study of mind-body interactions

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

55
Q

What four types of cells are active in search-and-destroy functions of the immune system

A

B lymphocytes (Fight bacterial infections)
T lymphocytes (Attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances)
Macrophages (Attack harmful invaders and worn-out cells)
Natural killer cells (Attack diseased cells)

56
Q

Brain can affect the immune system through ____________ that innervate immune system organs

A

autonomic nerve fibers

57
Q

Stress hormones __________ the immune system

A

suppress

58
Q

Study of psychological disorders

A

Psychopathology

59
Q

A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors (that leads to negative consequences)

A

Psychological disorder

60
Q

What are the four things stated below criteria for

Significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Disturbances reflect a biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction
Disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life
Disturbances do not reflect expected responses or cultural norms to certain events

A

American Psychological Association’s Criteria for Psychological Disorder

61
Q

Criteria for psychological dysfunction must …

A

transcend cultural differences

62
Q

DSM-5 has how many possible disorders

A

237 possible disorders

63
Q

What psychiatric disorder is characterized as experiencing depressed mood most of the day or impairment of normal functioning

A

Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar depression)

64
Q

50-60% of people that experience a single episode of MDD will …

A

have another episode

65
Q

Likelihood of future depressive episodes _______ with more _________

A

increases; occurences

66
Q

Major depressive disorder is often comorbid with _________ and __________

A

anxiety; substance abuse

67
Q

Depression lasting every day for at least two years and experience persistent melancholy or sadness, but does not meet the criteria of major depressive disorder

A

Dysthymia

68
Q

(Depression) _________ concordance rate between monozygotic twins compared to ________ twins

A

higher concordance rate; dizygotic twins

69
Q

(Depression) Higher concordance rate between _______ parents and their children, compared to _________ parents and their children

A

biological parents; adoptive parents

70
Q

Historically referred to as shell shock or combat neurosis and develops after a person sees or experiences a traumatizing event

A

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

71
Q

(PTSD) Types of traumas that people experience does not differ by sex

A

False

72
Q

Some suggest PTSD results from _________

A

Classical conditioning

73
Q

At 27, H.M.’s ___________ & __________ was surgically removed to treat his epilepsy

A

medial temporal lobe; hippocampus

74
Q

(H.M.) An unexpected side effect was severe ____________ for explicit memories

A

anterograde amnesia

75
Q

____________ may be stored and retrieved for an entire lifetime

A

Long-term memory

76
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory

A

Implicit memory
Explicit memory

77
Q

Implicit memory is information that is …

A

not specific to one’s self

78
Q

Explicit memory is ________

A

declarative

79
Q

What are the two components of declarative memories

A

Familiarity with features of the item (Mediated by the perirhinal complex)
Recollection of the item in context (Function of the hippocampus)

80
Q

What syndrome is responsible for anterograde amnesia for declarative memories caused by lack of thiamine

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

81
Q

Long-term memory is ________ in capacity

A

limitless

82
Q

Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome often ________

A

confabulate (Fill in a gap in memory with a falsification which they accept as true)

83
Q

(Korsakoff’s syndrome) Damage occurs in __________ bodies and __________ thalamus

A

mammillary bodies; dorsomedial thalamus

84
Q

With declarative memory formation, information from the _________ is related to anterior thalamus via the mammillary bodies of the ________

A

hippocampus; hypothalamus

85
Q

Association cortices are the brain’s ________

A

library

86
Q

Long-term memories are stored widely in association areas like the _____________

A

Cerebral cortex

87
Q

Medial temporal lobe structures mediate _________

A

Memory consolidation

88
Q

Sensory information is fed into _______ cortical areas

A

primary cortical areas

89
Q

Visual information is conveyed to the __________, which binds together the various components of a memory across association areas

A

hippocampus

90
Q

_________ memories are provided by the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex

A

Procedural memories

91
Q

Basal ganglia and motor cortex may provide ___________, while the cerebellum provides _________ during learning

A

motor coordination; error correction

92
Q

Activation, often unconsciously, of associations in memory

A

Priming

93
Q

Priming is subserved by the ________ cortex

A

occipitotemporal cortex

94
Q

A process of learning behaviors through consequences

A

Operant conditioning

95
Q

Associations are formed in the _______

A

Cerebellum

96
Q

What are two ways to process incoming information

A

Automatic processing
Effortful processing

97
Q

Automatic processing occurs without __________

A

conscious awareness

98
Q

Effortful processing involves ______ and ________

A

work; attention

99
Q

A form of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity where strengthening of the connections between neurons forms a specific network

A

Hebbian Learning

100
Q

What is responsible for the Natalie Portman network or grandma network

A

Hebbian Learning

101
Q

The common obsessions of OCD are

A

Germs and contamination
Neatness and symmetry

102
Q

Compulsions are ________ and ________ acts meant to minimize distress that obsessions trigger

A

repetitive; ritualistic

103
Q

The orbitofrontal cortex is an area of the frontal lobe involved in _______ and ________

A

learning; decision-making

104
Q

Condition characterized by a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

105
Q

Brainstem region that produces norepinephrine

A

Locus coeruleus

106
Q

Norepinephrine is the ___________ responsible for flight-or-fight

A

arousal neurotransmitter

107
Q

Overstimulation of locus coeruleus may cause ________

A

Panic attacks

108
Q

The three things mentioned below aid the development of _______

Classic conditioning
Vicarious learning
Verbal transmission of information

A

Phobias

109
Q

Characterized by mood states that shift from dramatically to mania

A

Bipolar depression

110
Q

Which syndrome causes abnormally high levels of circulating adrenal glucocorticoids that makes people prone to depression

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

111
Q

Which test reveals tendency to release excess cortisol

A

Dexamethasone suppression test

112
Q

Psychotherapy focusing on modifying dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and thoughts

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

113
Q

PET Scans of depressed people show ________ blood flow in prefrontal cortex and amygdala

A

increased blood flow

114
Q

PET Scans of depressed people show ________ blood flow in parietal and posterior temporal cortex and anterior cingulate

A

decreased blood flow

115
Q

What therapy involves placing electrodes on the head and passing an electric current into the brain

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy

116
Q

What therapy involves passing a milder direct current through the skull

A

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

117
Q

What therapy involves surgically implanting electrodes to target specific deep-brain regions

A

Deep Brain Stimulation

118
Q

SNRIs block the reuptake of ________ and _________ molecules

A

serotonin; norepinephrine

Behavioral Neuroscience Exam Tres (2 decks)

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