Everything Else Flashcards
Cluster of hypothalamic neurons that generates a biological clock
Superchiasmatic nucleus (Circadian pacemaker)
Superchiasmatic nucleus lesions disrupts circadian rhythms for which two actions
Water drinking
Locomotor behavior
What are external cues that entrain us to circadian rhythms called
Zeitgebers
What are the four main zeitgebers
Light
Environmental temperature
Barometric pressure
Environmental noise
What rhythm dictates predictable patterns of behavioral, biochemical, and physiological functions
Circadian rhythm
What kind of circadian rhythm do humans and primates have
Diurnal
What kind of circadian rhythm do rodents and mammals have
Nocturnal
Hamsters placed in zeitgeiber-free conditions expressed no …
discernible circadian rhythm
Intact hamsters with the _________ exhibit a _________ under zeitgeiber-free conditions
tau gene mutation; 20-hour rhythm phenotype
Nerves that transmit information from the retina
Retinal ganglion cells
Retinal ganglion cells contain _______ which depolarizes the membrane when exposed to _______
melanopsin; light
Retinal ganglion cells are mostly sensitive to _____ wavelengths of light
low wavelengths
Some melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells project to the brainstem. Signals from these suppress …
Melatonin synthesis
What type of genes provide a molecular clock for regulating protein production in a 24 hour cycle
Period genes (per genes)
Clock and Cycle proteins dimerize and bind to DNA to promote transcription of ____ and __________
per; cryptochrome
______ mutations cause periods that are shorter than normal
__________ mutations cause severe arrhythmia
Tau mutations; Double Clock mutations
Biological rhythms that are longer than a day
Infradian rhythm
Biological rhythms that are shorter than a day
Ultradian rhythm
Emotions are ____________ deriving from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others
subjective mental states
Emotions include adaptive responses that support _______
survival
What are the three main emotional components
Bodily arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experiences
Emotions are associated with ________
arousal states
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system are mediated through the _________
Spinal cord
What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division
Sympathetic division prepares organisms for _________ response
fight-or-flight
__________ division prepares organisms for __________
Parasympathetic division; rest-n-digest
According to Darwin, certain expressions of emotions are ________ among all humans
universal
Evolutionary psychologists argue that emotions are ___________ to coordinate various responses to __________
motivated programs; solve problems
What are the two categories of facial muscles
Superficial facial muscles
Deep facial muscles
Superficial facial muscles attach to facial skin and are innervated by _________
cranial nerves
Deep facial muscles attach to skeletal structures in the head and are innervated by the ________ of the ________ nerve
motor branch; trigeminal nerve
Medial forebrain bundle carries reward signals from reward/arousal brain regions to the _________ and __________
nucleus accumbens; prefrontal cortex
Series of interconnected brain regions that mediate and regulate emotion and reward
Limbic system
What syndrome is caused by bilateral amygdala damage and is characterized by the absence of fear and aggression
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
In fear conditioning, the _______ is critical for aversive conditioning and appetitive conditioning
amygdala
_________ fuel male aggression
Androgens
Castration usually reduces _________ behaviors
intermale aggressive behaviors
___________ temporarily reinstates higher aggressive behaviors
Exogenous androgen
(True or False) Ovariectomy does affect female aggressive behaviors
False
(True of False) Adults treated with extra testosterone do not exhibit more aggression
True
Nonaggressive tendencies in males are associated with _________ in family functioning and lower levels of ____________
satisfaction; circulating testosterone
What are the two confounding variables that affect testosterone levels
Experience
Dominance
Aggression involves _________, _________, and especially __________
dopamine; vasopressin; serotonin
Vasopressin, oxytocin, and endogenous opioids ________ aggression
control
Optogenetic stimulation of the __________ causes a mating male to attack the female
ventromedial hypothalamus
Process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress
Stress is experienced on what three levels
Cellular level
Hormonal level
Behavioral level
Hans Salye defined stress as _______ and _______ on the body by life
wear and tear
Body does well with _________ stress but ___________ will damage the body
temporary stress; long-term stress
General Adaption Syndrome has how many phases
Three phases
Which phase of General Adaptation Syndrome is described by
Stressor occurs
Body’s alarm reaction occurs
Body mobilizes resources
Phase 1
Which phase of General Adaptation Syndrome is described by
Body tries to be resistant to the stressor
Cope with the stressor
The body’s resistance to stress can only last for so long before exhaustion sets in
Phase 2
Which phase of General Adaptation Syndrome is described by
Exhaustion occurs
Body’s resources are depleted
Phase 3
Study of mind-body interactions
Psychoneuroimmunology
What four types of cells are active in search-and-destroy functions of the immune system
B lymphocytes (Fight bacterial infections)
T lymphocytes (Attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances)
Macrophages (Attack harmful invaders and worn-out cells)
Natural killer cells (Attack diseased cells)
Brain can affect the immune system through ____________ that innervate immune system organs
autonomic nerve fibers
Stress hormones __________ the immune system
suppress
Study of psychological disorders
Psychopathology
A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, or behaviors (that leads to negative consequences)
Psychological disorder
What are the four things stated below criteria for
Significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Disturbances reflect a biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction
Disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life
Disturbances do not reflect expected responses or cultural norms to certain events
American Psychological Association’s Criteria for Psychological Disorder
Criteria for psychological dysfunction must …
transcend cultural differences
DSM-5 has how many possible disorders
237 possible disorders
What psychiatric disorder is characterized as experiencing depressed mood most of the day or impairment of normal functioning
Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar depression)
50-60% of people that experience a single episode of MDD will …
have another episode
Likelihood of future depressive episodes _______ with more _________
increases; occurences
Major depressive disorder is often comorbid with _________ and __________
anxiety; substance abuse
Depression lasting every day for at least two years and experience persistent melancholy or sadness, but does not meet the criteria of major depressive disorder
Dysthymia
(Depression) _________ concordance rate between monozygotic twins compared to ________ twins
higher concordance rate; dizygotic twins
(Depression) Higher concordance rate between _______ parents and their children, compared to _________ parents and their children
biological parents; adoptive parents
Historically referred to as shell shock or combat neurosis and develops after a person sees or experiences a traumatizing event
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD) Types of traumas that people experience does not differ by sex
False
Some suggest PTSD results from _________
Classical conditioning
At 27, H.M.’s ___________ & __________ was surgically removed to treat his epilepsy
medial temporal lobe; hippocampus
(H.M.) An unexpected side effect was severe ____________ for explicit memories
anterograde amnesia
____________ may be stored and retrieved for an entire lifetime
Long-term memory
What are the two types of long-term memory
Implicit memory
Explicit memory
Implicit memory is information that is …
not specific to one’s self
Explicit memory is ________
declarative
What are the two components of declarative memories
Familiarity with features of the item (Mediated by the perirhinal complex)
Recollection of the item in context (Function of the hippocampus)
What syndrome is responsible for anterograde amnesia for declarative memories caused by lack of thiamine
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Long-term memory is ________ in capacity
limitless
Patients with Korsakoff’s syndrome often ________
confabulate (Fill in a gap in memory with a falsification which they accept as true)
(Korsakoff’s syndrome) Damage occurs in __________ bodies and __________ thalamus
mammillary bodies; dorsomedial thalamus
With declarative memory formation, information from the _________ is related to anterior thalamus via the mammillary bodies of the ________
hippocampus; hypothalamus
Association cortices are the brain’s ________
library
Long-term memories are stored widely in association areas like the _____________
Cerebral cortex
Medial temporal lobe structures mediate _________
Memory consolidation
Sensory information is fed into _______ cortical areas
primary cortical areas
Visual information is conveyed to the __________, which binds together the various components of a memory across association areas
hippocampus
_________ memories are provided by the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex
Procedural memories
Basal ganglia and motor cortex may provide ___________, while the cerebellum provides _________ during learning
motor coordination; error correction
Activation, often unconsciously, of associations in memory
Priming
Priming is subserved by the ________ cortex
occipitotemporal cortex
A process of learning behaviors through consequences
Operant conditioning
Associations are formed in the _______
Cerebellum
What are two ways to process incoming information
Automatic processing
Effortful processing
Automatic processing occurs without __________
conscious awareness
Effortful processing involves ______ and ________
work; attention
A form of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity where strengthening of the connections between neurons forms a specific network
Hebbian Learning
What is responsible for the Natalie Portman network or grandma network
Hebbian Learning
The common obsessions of OCD are
Germs and contamination
Neatness and symmetry
Compulsions are ________ and ________ acts meant to minimize distress that obsessions trigger
repetitive; ritualistic
The orbitofrontal cortex is an area of the frontal lobe involved in _______ and ________
learning; decision-making
Condition characterized by a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Brainstem region that produces norepinephrine
Locus coeruleus
Norepinephrine is the ___________ responsible for flight-or-fight
arousal neurotransmitter
Overstimulation of locus coeruleus may cause ________
Panic attacks
The three things mentioned below aid the development of _______
Classic conditioning
Vicarious learning
Verbal transmission of information
Phobias
Characterized by mood states that shift from dramatically to mania
Bipolar depression
Which syndrome causes abnormally high levels of circulating adrenal glucocorticoids that makes people prone to depression
Cushing’s Syndrome
Which test reveals tendency to release excess cortisol
Dexamethasone suppression test
Psychotherapy focusing on modifying dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and thoughts
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
PET Scans of depressed people show ________ blood flow in prefrontal cortex and amygdala
increased blood flow
PET Scans of depressed people show ________ blood flow in parietal and posterior temporal cortex and anterior cingulate
decreased blood flow
What therapy involves placing electrodes on the head and passing an electric current into the brain
Electroconvulsive Therapy
What therapy involves passing a milder direct current through the skull
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
What therapy involves surgically implanting electrodes to target specific deep-brain regions
Deep Brain Stimulation
SNRIs block the reuptake of ________ and _________ molecules
serotonin; norepinephrine
