Everything Flashcards
1
Q
Word equation for photosynthesis
A
Carbon dioxide + water –> oxygen + glucose
2
Q
What is meant by the term ‘limiting factor’
A
A factor which is not at an optimum level to enable maximum rate of photosynthesis e.g temperature
3
Q
Materials needed by a plant for photosynthesis
A
Carbon dioxide and water
4
Q
Green pigment present in plant cells
A
Chlorophyll
5
Q
Role of chlorophyll
A
To transfer energy from the environment and use it to synthesise glucose from carbon dioxide and water
6
Q
Ways to maximise photosynthesis
A
Incrase air temperature
Provide artificial lighting through the night
7
Q
What are lipids made from
A
1 molecule of glycerol
3 molecules of fatty acid
8
Q
What are proteins made from
A
Many amino acids
9
Q
Definition of a pathogen
A
Micro-organisms which cause infectious diseases in animals and plants
10
Q
Four types of micro-organism that act as pathogens with examples
A
Bacteria-Salmonella
Virus- Measles
Protist- Malaria
Fungus- Rose black spot
11
Q
Difference between bacteria and viruses
A
Bacteria produce toxins that damage tissues
Viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing cell damage
12
Q
HIV can be successfully controlled with _____ drugs. If the immune system is badly damaged then ___ might develop
A
Antiretroviral
AIDS
13
Q
What is measles caused by
A
A virus
14
Q
What is salmonella caused by
A
Bacteria
15
Q
What is rose black spot caused by
A
Fungus
16
Q
What is malaria caused by
A
A protist
17
Q
What is an antigen
A
A protein on the surface of a pathogen
18
Q
Why will the antibody produced for measles not be effective for other diseases
A
The antibody has a specific shape which fits with a specific antigen
19
Q
What happens if the pathogen invades the body after being vaccinated
A
White blood cells are able to respond much faster and the memory lymphocytes produce antibodies quicker to destroy the pathogen so the person doesn’t suffer the symptoms of the disease
20
Q
Why is there a growing concern about bacteria resistance to antibodies
A
The resistant bacteria are not killed and can continue to multiply inside the body making the person ill.
21
Q
Stages of drug development include
A
Preclinical trials
Clinical trials (3 phases)
Double blind trial
22
Q
Preclinical trials
A
D
The drugs are tested on cells, tissues, live animals ensuring there are no unwanted side effects
23
Q
Clinical trials (phase 1))
A
Tested on healthy volunteers (low dosage)
24
Q
Clinical trial (phase 2)
A
Tested kn latients
25
Clinical trial (phase 3)
Larger numbers of patients are used to verify effectiveness of drug to determine correct dose
26
Double blind trial
Some given actual drug, some given placebo drug (to remove bias)
27
Define organism
A group of irgan systems working together to create a living thing
28
Define organ system
A group of organs working together to perform a specific function
29
Define organ
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
30
Define tissue
A group of similar cells with a similar structure and function
31
Define cell
The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
32
Name the 9 parts of the digestive system in order
```
Mouth/teeth
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
```
33
What is digestion
Large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble ones
34
Name 3 digestive enzymes
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
35
Where is amylase released and what does it breakdown
Released in salivary glands and pancreas
| Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars
36
Where is protease released and what does it breakdown
Released in Stomach and pancreas
| Breaks down proteins into amino acids
37
Where is lipase released and what does it breakdown
Released in pancreas
| Breaks down fats and oils (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol
38
What is the active site of an enzyme
It is where the substrate binds
39
What is a substrate
Substance (chemical) that the enzyme acts on
40
what are the products of digestion used for in the body
They are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. Glucose is used in respiration
41
What does denatured mean
The active site of the enzyme has changed shape so the substrate cannot fit
42
How does increasing the temperature affect the enzyme
Initially it increases the rate of reaction due to increased collisions between the enzyme and substrates, if the temperature is too high the enzyme will denature
43
How does pH affect enzyme activity
Enzymes have optimum pH conditions, if the
| Ese are too alkaline or acidic the enzyme denatures
44
Role of bile
Neutralises stomach acid
| Emulsifies fats
45
Where is bile made
Liver
| Stored in gall bladder
46
Role of coronary arteries
To supply oxygenated blood to the heart
47
Where does the left atrium pump blood to
Left ventricle
48
Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs
In the alveoli
49
Gas that moves from the blood into the lungs
Carbon dioxide
50
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
Arteries
51
Which blood vessels are only one cell thick
Capillaries
52
Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls
Arteries
53
Which blood vessels have valves
Veins
54
What is plasma
Pale yellow fluid part of blood, it transports cells, C02, hormones and waste
55
Role of red blood cell
To carry oxygen around the body
56
In what 2 ways can white blood cells fight infection
They can produce antibodies that destroy microbes or they can engulf microbes
57
Role of platelets
They form clots to reduce bleeding
58
What is coronary heart disease
Where layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them, preventing blood flow
59
Risk factors of coronary heart disease
Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Lack of exercise
60
What is a stent
A metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery to keep the artery open
61
What are statins
Drugs that reduce harmful cholesterol in the blood
62
Role of heart valves
To stop blood in the heart from flowing in the wring direction
63
2 faults that can occur with heart valves
May not open fully
| May develop a leak
64
What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves
They can have their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical)
65
Define the word health
The state of complete physical and mental well-being.
66
What are communicable diseases
Infectious diseases caused by microbes that can be spread
67
What are non-communicable diseases
Dieases not caused by infections and cannot be spread
68
What is a carcinogen
A substance that can cause cancer
69
How can carcinogens cause cancer
They damage DNA or speed up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occuring
70
Types of carcinogens
Tobacco
Alcohol
Ionising radiation
71
What is a tumor
A mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell growth
72
What are benign tumours
An abnormal growth of cell in a membrane contained in one area
73
What are malignant tumours
An abnormal growth of cells that invade other tissues and can spread in the body
74
Which type of tumour is cancerous
Malignant
75
What is a plant tissue
A group of similar plant cells working together to carry put a particular function
76
Function of the plant tissue Epidermal
Covers the surfaces of the plant for protection
77
Function of the plant tissue Palisade Mesophyll
The cells are packed with chloroplasts. It is the site of most of the photosynthesis
78
Function of the plant tissue xylem and phloem
Form vascular bundles and transport water, mineral ions and glucose around the plant
79
Function of the plant tissue Meristem
Found at tips of roots and shoots. Where cell differentiation occurs
80
Role of guard cells
To open and close to let gases diffuse in and out through the stoma
81
Role of the root hair cell
To take in water and ions from the soil
82
What is transpiration
The movement of water and mineral ions from the toots to the stems and leaves
83
Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell
In a bacterial DNA loop and there may be one or more plasmid rings
84
Function of nucleus
Contains genetic material which controls the activities of the cell
85
What is the function of the cytoplasm
Most chemical processes take place here ,controlled by enzymes
86
What is the function of the cell membrane
Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell
87
What is the function of mitochondria
Most energy is released by respiration here
88
What is the function of ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
89
Function of the cell wall
Strengthens the cel- made of cellulose
90
What is the function of chloroplasts
Contains chlorophyll
| Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
91
Function of permanent vacuole
Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid
92
What is the function of plasmid (DNA)
Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification
93
Function of a sperm cell
Fertilise an egg
94
Function of nerve cells
To carry electrical signals
95
Function of a muscle cell
To contract to allow movement
96
Structure of xylem cell
Long cells with walls toughened by lignin
97
Structure if phloem
Cells have end plates with holes in them
98
What does cell differentiation mean
When a cell changes to become specialised
99
When do animal cells need to differentiate
For repair and replacement of cells
100
4 parts of the light microscope
```
Eyepeice lens
Objective lens
Focusing wheel
Stage
Light source
```
101
What are chromosomes
Coiled strands of DNA molecules
102
What is a gene
A section of DNA that codes for a protein
103
What is DNA
A genetic material found in the nucleus that codes for proteins
104
How many chromosome pairs do you find in a human body
23
105
Three stages of the cell cycle
Growth
DNA synthesis
Mitosis
106
What is a stem cell
An undifferentiated cell
107
Which type of human stem cell can differentiate into any human cell
Embryonic stem cell
108
What is diffusion
The spreading of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
109
What is a concentration gradient
The difference in concentration between two areas next to each other
110
3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion
Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area
111
How is the small intestine adapted for diffusion
Has villi to increase surface area
Good blood supply
Thin membranes
112
How are lungs adapted for diffusion
Has alveoli to increase surface area
Good blood supply
Ventilated
113
What is osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules from a dilute (low) solution to a concentrated (high) solution across a partially permeable membrane
114
What is a partially permeable membrane
A membrane that lets some but not all substances through
115
What is active transport
Moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Requires ATP energy and carrier proteins
116
What is interphase
DNA is replicated - cell grows in size
117
What is mitosis
Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell and get pulled to opposite ends. The nucleus divides
118
What is cytokinesis
Cytoplasm and nucleus divide. Two identical cells are formed
119
Transpiration
Loss of water from plant.
120
Phloem transports
Food substances (dissolved sugars) made during photosynthesis for the rest of the plant to use, or storage
121
Xylem transports
Water and mineral ions from roots to stem and leaves
122
Blood glucose levels too high
Pancreas detects low blood glucose levels. Releases insulin into bloodstream and travels to the liver. Liver stores excess glucose as glycogen
123
Blood glucose levels too low
Pancreas detects low blood glucose levels. Pancreas releases glucagon into bloodstream. Glucagon travels to the liver. Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose
