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Biology Yr 11 > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

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1
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> oxygen + glucose

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2
Q

What is meant by the term ‘limiting factor’

A

A factor which is not at an optimum level to enable maximum rate of photosynthesis e.g temperature

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3
Q

Materials needed by a plant for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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4
Q

Green pigment present in plant cells

A

Chlorophyll

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5
Q

Role of chlorophyll

A

To transfer energy from the environment and use it to synthesise glucose from carbon dioxide and water

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6
Q

Ways to maximise photosynthesis

A

Incrase air temperature

Provide artificial lighting through the night

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7
Q

What are lipids made from

A

1 molecule of glycerol

3 molecules of fatty acid

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8
Q

What are proteins made from

A

Many amino acids

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9
Q

Definition of a pathogen

A

Micro-organisms which cause infectious diseases in animals and plants

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10
Q

Four types of micro-organism that act as pathogens with examples

A

Bacteria-Salmonella
Virus- Measles
Protist- Malaria
Fungus- Rose black spot

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11
Q

Difference between bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria produce toxins that damage tissues

Viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing cell damage

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12
Q

HIV can be successfully controlled with _____ drugs. If the immune system is badly damaged then ___ might develop

A

Antiretroviral

AIDS

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13
Q

What is measles caused by

A

A virus

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14
Q

What is salmonella caused by

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

What is rose black spot caused by

A

Fungus

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16
Q

What is malaria caused by

A

A protist

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17
Q

What is an antigen

A

A protein on the surface of a pathogen

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18
Q

Why will the antibody produced for measles not be effective for other diseases

A

The antibody has a specific shape which fits with a specific antigen

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19
Q

What happens if the pathogen invades the body after being vaccinated

A

White blood cells are able to respond much faster and the memory lymphocytes produce antibodies quicker to destroy the pathogen so the person doesn’t suffer the symptoms of the disease

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20
Q

Why is there a growing concern about bacteria resistance to antibodies

A

The resistant bacteria are not killed and can continue to multiply inside the body making the person ill.

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21
Q

Stages of drug development include

A

Preclinical trials
Clinical trials (3 phases)
Double blind trial

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22
Q

Preclinical trials

A

D

The drugs are tested on cells, tissues, live animals ensuring there are no unwanted side effects

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23
Q

Clinical trials (phase 1))

A

Tested on healthy volunteers (low dosage)

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24
Q

Clinical trial (phase 2)

A

Tested kn latients

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25
Q

Clinical trial (phase 3)

A

Larger numbers of patients are used to verify effectiveness of drug to determine correct dose

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26
Q

Double blind trial

A

Some given actual drug, some given placebo drug (to remove bias)

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27
Q

Define organism

A

A group of irgan systems working together to create a living thing

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28
Q

Define organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function

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29
Q

Define organ

A

A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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30
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of similar cells with a similar structure and function

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31
Q

Define cell

A

The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

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32
Q

Name the 9 parts of the digestive system in order

A 
Mouth/teeth
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine 
Anus
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33
Q

What is digestion

A

Large insoluble molecules are broken down into smaller soluble ones

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34
Q

Name 3 digestive enzymes

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

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35
Q

Where is amylase released and what does it breakdown

A

Released in salivary glands and pancreas

Breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars

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36
Q

Where is protease released and what does it breakdown

A

Released in Stomach and pancreas

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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37
Q

Where is lipase released and what does it breakdown

A

Released in pancreas

Breaks down fats and oils (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol

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38
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme

A

It is where the substrate binds

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39
Q

What is a substrate

A

Substance (chemical) that the enzyme acts on

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40
Q

what are the products of digestion used for in the body

A

They are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the body. Glucose is used in respiration

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41
Q

What does denatured mean

A

The active site of the enzyme has changed shape so the substrate cannot fit

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42
Q

How does increasing the temperature affect the enzyme

A

Initially it increases the rate of reaction due to increased collisions between the enzyme and substrates, if the temperature is too high the enzyme will denature

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43
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity

A

Enzymes have optimum pH conditions, if the

Ese are too alkaline or acidic the enzyme denatures

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44
Q

Role of bile

A

Neutralises stomach acid

Emulsifies fats

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45
Q

Where is bile made

A

Liver

Stored in gall bladder

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46
Q

Role of coronary arteries

A

To supply oxygenated blood to the heart

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47
Q

Where does the left atrium pump blood to

A

Left ventricle

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48
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs

A

In the alveoli

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49
Q

Gas that moves from the blood into the lungs

A

Carbon dioxide

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50
Q

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

51
Q

Which blood vessels are only one cell thick

A

Capillaries

52
Q

Which blood vessels have thick muscular walls

A

Arteries

53
Q

Which blood vessels have valves

A

Veins

54
Q

What is plasma

A

Pale yellow fluid part of blood, it transports cells, C02, hormones and waste

55
Q

Role of red blood cell

A

To carry oxygen around the body

56
Q

In what 2 ways can white blood cells fight infection

A

They can produce antibodies that destroy microbes or they can engulf microbes

57
Q

Role of platelets

A

They form clots to reduce bleeding

58
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

Where layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them, preventing blood flow

59
Q

Risk factors of coronary heart disease

A

Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Lack of exercise

60
Q

What is a stent

A

A metal cylinder grid that is inserted into an artery to keep the artery open

61
Q

What are statins

A

Drugs that reduce harmful cholesterol in the blood

62
Q

Role of heart valves

A

To stop blood in the heart from flowing in the wring direction

63
Q

2 faults that can occur with heart valves

A

May not open fully

May develop a leak

64
Q

What treatment can be given to a person with faulty heart valves

A

They can have their heart valves replaced (biological or mechanical)

65
Q

Define the word health

A

The state of complete physical and mental well-being.

66
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Infectious diseases caused by microbes that can be spread

67
Q

What are non-communicable diseases

A

Dieases not caused by infections and cannot be spread

68
Q

What is a carcinogen

A

A substance that can cause cancer

69
Q

How can carcinogens cause cancer

A

They damage DNA or speed up cell division and increase the chance of a mutation occuring

70
Q

Types of carcinogens

A

Tobacco
Alcohol
Ionising radiation

71
Q

What is a tumor

A

A mass of cells caused by uncontrolled cell growth

72
Q

What are benign tumours

A

An abnormal growth of cell in a membrane contained in one area

73
Q

What are malignant tumours

A

An abnormal growth of cells that invade other tissues and can spread in the body

74
Q

Which type of tumour is cancerous

A

Malignant

75
Q

What is a plant tissue

A

A group of similar plant cells working together to carry put a particular function

76
Q

Function of the plant tissue Epidermal

A

Covers the surfaces of the plant for protection

77
Q

Function of the plant tissue Palisade Mesophyll

A

The cells are packed with chloroplasts. It is the site of most of the photosynthesis

78
Q

Function of the plant tissue xylem and phloem

A

Form vascular bundles and transport water, mineral ions and glucose around the plant

79
Q

Function of the plant tissue Meristem

A

Found at tips of roots and shoots. Where cell differentiation occurs

80
Q

Role of guard cells

A

To open and close to let gases diffuse in and out through the stoma

81
Q

Role of the root hair cell

A

To take in water and ions from the soil

82
Q

What is transpiration

A

The movement of water and mineral ions from the toots to the stems and leaves

83
Q

Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell

A

In a bacterial DNA loop and there may be one or more plasmid rings

84
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Contains genetic material which controls the activities of the cell

85
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Most chemical processes take place here ,controlled by enzymes

86
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

87
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Most energy is released by respiration here

88
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

89
Q

Function of the cell wall

A

Strengthens the cel- made of cellulose

90
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts

A

Contains chlorophyll

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

91
Q

Function of permanent vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

92
Q

What is the function of plasmid (DNA)

A

Small ring of DNA often used as a vector in genetic modification

93
Q

Function of a sperm cell

A

Fertilise an egg

94
Q

Function of nerve cells

A

To carry electrical signals

95
Q

Function of a muscle cell

A

To contract to allow movement

96
Q

Structure of xylem cell

A

Long cells with walls toughened by lignin

97
Q

Structure if phloem

A

Cells have end plates with holes in them

98
Q

What does cell differentiation mean

A

When a cell changes to become specialised

99
Q

When do animal cells need to differentiate

A

For repair and replacement of cells

100
Q

4 parts of the light microscope

A 
Eyepeice lens
Objective lens
Focusing wheel
Stage
Light source
101
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Coiled strands of DNA molecules

102
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein

103
Q

What is DNA

A

A genetic material found in the nucleus that codes for proteins

104
Q

How many chromosome pairs do you find in a human body

A

23

105
Q

Three stages of the cell cycle

A

Growth
DNA synthesis
Mitosis

106
Q

What is a stem cell

A

An undifferentiated cell

107
Q

Which type of human stem cell can differentiate into any human cell

A

Embryonic stem cell

108
Q

What is diffusion

A

The spreading of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

109
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration between two areas next to each other

110
Q

3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area

111
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for diffusion

A

Has villi to increase surface area
Good blood supply
Thin membranes

112
Q

How are lungs adapted for diffusion

A

Has alveoli to increase surface area
Good blood supply
Ventilated

113
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from a dilute (low) solution to a concentrated (high) solution across a partially permeable membrane

114
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane that lets some but not all substances through

115
Q

What is active transport

A

Moves substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
Requires ATP energy and carrier proteins

116
Q

What is interphase

A

DNA is replicated - cell grows in size

117
Q

What is mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell and get pulled to opposite ends. The nucleus divides

118
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm and nucleus divide. Two identical cells are formed

119
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from plant.

120
Q

Phloem transports

A

Food substances (dissolved sugars) made during photosynthesis for the rest of the plant to use, or storage

121
Q

Xylem transports

A

Water and mineral ions from roots to stem and leaves

122
Q

Blood glucose levels too high

A

Pancreas detects low blood glucose levels. Releases insulin into bloodstream and travels to the liver. Liver stores excess glucose as glycogen

123
Q

Blood glucose levels too low

A

Pancreas detects low blood glucose levels. Pancreas releases glucagon into bloodstream. Glucagon travels to the liver. Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose

Biology Yr 11 (2 decks)

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