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Child health > Everything > Flashcards

Everything Flashcards

1
Q

In an infant, in what position is the airway open

A

in neutral

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2
Q

After look, listen and feel for signs of life (for 10 sec), what is the next step in an infant

A

5 rescue breaths

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3
Q

How many chest compressions to breathing do you do for an infant

A

15:2

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4
Q

At what speed do you do this

A

to nelly the elephant

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5
Q

In what position is the airway open in a child

A

sniffing the air (slight head tilt and chin lift)

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6
Q

How far down the should you press the chest in paeds CPR

A

1/3rd of the way

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7
Q

How long should resus be continued

A

till you are too tired to continue/ someone arrives

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8
Q

An infants heart rate can be up to _____ max

A

160bpm

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9
Q

An infants resp rate can be up to ______ max

A

40brpm

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10
Q

An infants sBP can be as low as ______

A

70mmHg

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11
Q

What is different about a childs head to an adults

A

They have a large head and prominent occiput

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12
Q

What is the site of maximal spinal mobility in children

A

at the craniocervical junction (this is higher up than adults)

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13
Q

How is an infants resp tract different from adults that has to be considered in intubation

A

they have a floppy epiglottis and higher anterior larynx

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14
Q

Which fractures are more common in children

A

buckle and greenstick fractures (as they have longer bones and more flexible ribs

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15
Q

How is blood volume/kg different to adults

A

its higher

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16
Q

What are the 2 causes of cardiac arrest in a child

A

circulatory failure and resp failure (resp has better outcome when alone than when combined with cardio failure)

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17
Q

What are the causes of circulatory failure

A

Fluid loss - blood loss

  • gastroenteritis
  • burns

fluid malabsorption - septic shock

  • cardiac disease
  • anaphylaxis
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18
Q

What are the causes of resp failure

A

resp distress - foreign body

  • croup
  • asthma

resp depression - convulsions

  • raised ICP
  • poisoning
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19
Q

How does the sick child present acutely

A 
difficulty breathing 
poor feeding
fever
rash
lethargy/depressed conscious level
dehydration
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20
Q

Effort of breathing can be shown by what head movement of the child

A

bobbing

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21
Q

gurgling and squeaking can be a sign of which illness in an infant

A

bronchiolitis

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22
Q

inspiratory stridor indicates

A

upper airway problem

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23
Q

expiratory wheeze indicated

A

lower airway problem

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24
Q

Why is hypotension a pre-terminal sign

A

children are good at maintaining BP until they are far along the disease course at which point they rapidly deteriorate

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25
Q

What is the most common cause of dehydration in children

A

gastroenteritis

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26
Q

What is the treatment for dehydration by gastroenteritis in children

A

orally rehydrate with dioralyte (if dehydration >10%, fluid maintenance needed)

27
Q

Sepsis in a child will present as

A

hot
lethargic
tachycardic
reduced peripheral perfusion

28
Q

What is the sepsis 6

A 
high flow O2
blood cultures
Broad spec Abx
IV fluid 
Lactate and Hb levels
Hourly urine output
29
Q

A septic screen consists of

A

Lumbar puncture (to rule out meningitis)
Urine cultures
Blood cultures
FBC

30
Q

When should an endocrine pathology be considered in a child with growth concerns

A

If the child is both short and overweight - get some TFTs done

31
Q

Short stature in a child can be due to what

A

Genetics

constitutional

32
Q

Are UTIs common/uncommon in children

A

very common - esp. young girls

33
Q

What is the most causative organism of a UTI in a child

A

E.coli

34
Q

When deciding to refer a child for a UTI, what should be considered

A 
frequency 
age (new baby - more likely to refer)
nature of infection (if child is systemically unwell/ RTI)
Pathogen (unusual = refer) 
FH (of UTIs or renal disease)
35
Q

Constipation is very common in children, how many have a serious underlying pathology

A

very few

36
Q

What is the management for constipation in a child

A 
laxatives 
attention to food and drink (up fibre intake) 
toilet behaviour (accessible toilet, do they have time to go before school, is the child ready for an adult toilet)
37
Q

Abdominal pain is common. when is it most likely a problem

A

when very disruptive - missing lots of school

38
Q

What 2 diagnosis do you not want to miss in a child with abdo pain

A

ceoliac

IBD

39
Q

what percentage of kids with functional abdominal pain go on to develop anxiety as adults

A

25%

40
Q

Red flags for headaches in a child include

A 
headaches on waking
worse on coughing/bending
associated vomiting, esp. in morning 
visual disturbance 
gait disturbance 
cranial nerve palsy
head tilt
41
Q

median time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of brain tumour is

A

2.5 - 3 months

42
Q

Is the most common murmur pathological or innocent in a child

A

innocent

43
Q

When would you be more worried about a heart murmur in a child

A

if there is associated symptoms (SOB, cyanosis, squatting, syncope)

44
Q

When is asthma suggestive in a child

A 
if theres a FHx
Wheeze on auscultation
If there's a constant problem (periods of normality is more likely to suggest URTIs)
sleep disturbance 
exacerbation by cold/exercise
45
Q

Indications for concerns in a growth chart include

A

sudden deviation from the centile line they were previously in
a big difference between height and weight centile

46
Q

Breast feeding mothers should take what supplement

A

Vitamin D

47
Q

A child of >/= 6months should take what supplements

A

Vitamin A, C and D

48
Q

Growth in a child is led by

A

growth hormone

49
Q

Growth in a pubertal child is led by

A

sex hormones

50
Q

Which vaccines are given at 2 months

A 
diptheria 
tetanus 
polio 
Hib (DTaP/IPV/Hib vaccine) 
PCV (pneumococcal) 
Rotavirus
51
Q

What vaccines are given at 3 months

A

DTap/IPV/Hib (2nd dose)
Men C
Rotavirus

52
Q

What vaccines are given at 4 months

A

DTap/IPV/Hib (3rd dose)

PCV (2nd dose)

53
Q

What vaccines are given between 12-13 months

A

Hib/Men C (booster jag)
PCV (3rd dose)
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)

54
Q

What vaccine is given at 3yrs 4 months - 5yrs

A

DTap/IPV (pre-school booster)

MMR (2nd dose)

55
Q

Girls aged 12-13 should get what vaccine

A

HPV - 3 injections

56
Q

What vaccine is given at 13-15 yrs

A

Men C booster

57
Q

What vaccine is given at 1-18 yrs

A

Td/IPV (tetanus, diptheria and polio booster)

58
Q

what are the red flags in developmental milestones

A 
Asymmetry for movements 
Not reaching for objects by 6 months 
unable to sit unsupported by 12 months 
unable to walk by 18 months 
*girls who are carriers of DMD will also have delay - check CK
No speech by 18 months 
loss of skills 
listen to parent
59
Q

What is an example of motor delay in a child

A

DMD
Cerebral palsy
Co-ordination disorders

60
Q

What is an example of language delay in a child

A

Specific language impairment

61
Q

What is an example of sensory deficits and associated delay in a child

A

Oculocutaneous albinism

Treacher-collins

62
Q

What is an example of developmental deviations in a child

A

Autism spectrum disorders

63
Q

What percentage of severe visual problems originate in the brain of a child

A

50%

64
Q

Treacher collins affects what

A

hearing loss due to conducting problems

also affects development of face, ossicles and ears

Child health (2 decks)

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