Everything Flashcards

(64 cards)

1
Q

In an infant, in what position is the airway open

A

in neutral

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2
Q

After look, listen and feel for signs of life (for 10 sec), what is the next step in an infant

A

5 rescue breaths

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3
Q

How many chest compressions to breathing do you do for an infant

A

15:2

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4
Q

At what speed do you do this

A

to nelly the elephant

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5
Q

In what position is the airway open in a child

A

sniffing the air (slight head tilt and chin lift)

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6
Q

How far down the should you press the chest in paeds CPR

A

1/3rd of the way

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7
Q

How long should resus be continued

A

till you are too tired to continue/ someone arrives

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8
Q

An infants heart rate can be up to _____ max

A

160bpm

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9
Q

An infants resp rate can be up to ______ max

A

40brpm

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10
Q

An infants sBP can be as low as ______

A

70mmHg

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11
Q

What is different about a childs head to an adults

A

They have a large head and prominent occiput

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12
Q

What is the site of maximal spinal mobility in children

A

at the craniocervical junction (this is higher up than adults)

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13
Q

How is an infants resp tract different from adults that has to be considered in intubation

A

they have a floppy epiglottis and higher anterior larynx

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14
Q

Which fractures are more common in children

A

buckle and greenstick fractures (as they have longer bones and more flexible ribs

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15
Q

How is blood volume/kg different to adults

A

its higher

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16
Q

What are the 2 causes of cardiac arrest in a child

A

circulatory failure and resp failure (resp has better outcome when alone than when combined with cardio failure)

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17
Q

What are the causes of circulatory failure

A

Fluid loss - blood loss

  • gastroenteritis
  • burns

fluid malabsorption - septic shock

  • cardiac disease
  • anaphylaxis
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18
Q

What are the causes of resp failure

A

resp distress - foreign body

  • croup
  • asthma

resp depression - convulsions

  • raised ICP
  • poisoning
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19
Q

How does the sick child present acutely

A
difficulty breathing 
poor feeding
fever
rash
lethargy/depressed conscious level
dehydration
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20
Q

Effort of breathing can be shown by what head movement of the child

A

bobbing

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21
Q

gurgling and squeaking can be a sign of which illness in an infant

A

bronchiolitis

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22
Q

inspiratory stridor indicates

A

upper airway problem

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23
Q

expiratory wheeze indicated

A

lower airway problem

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24
Q

Why is hypotension a pre-terminal sign

A

children are good at maintaining BP until they are far along the disease course at which point they rapidly deteriorate

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25
What is the most common cause of dehydration in children
gastroenteritis
26
What is the treatment for dehydration by gastroenteritis in children
orally rehydrate with dioralyte (if dehydration >10%, fluid maintenance needed)
27
Sepsis in a child will present as
hot lethargic tachycardic reduced peripheral perfusion
28
What is the sepsis 6
``` high flow O2 blood cultures Broad spec Abx IV fluid Lactate and Hb levels Hourly urine output ```
29
A septic screen consists of
Lumbar puncture (to rule out meningitis) Urine cultures Blood cultures FBC
30
When should an endocrine pathology be considered in a child with growth concerns
If the child is both short and overweight - get some TFTs done
31
Short stature in a child can be due to what
Genetics | constitutional
32
Are UTIs common/uncommon in children
very common - esp. young girls
33
What is the most causative organism of a UTI in a child
E.coli
34
When deciding to refer a child for a UTI, what should be considered
``` frequency age (new baby - more likely to refer) nature of infection (if child is systemically unwell/ RTI) Pathogen (unusual = refer) FH (of UTIs or renal disease) ```
35
Constipation is very common in children, how many have a serious underlying pathology
very few
36
What is the management for constipation in a child
``` laxatives attention to food and drink (up fibre intake) toilet behaviour (accessible toilet, do they have time to go before school, is the child ready for an adult toilet) ```
37
Abdominal pain is common. when is it most likely a problem
when very disruptive - missing lots of school
38
What 2 diagnosis do you not want to miss in a child with abdo pain
ceoliac | IBD
39
what percentage of kids with functional abdominal pain go on to develop anxiety as adults
25%
40
Red flags for headaches in a child include
``` headaches on waking worse on coughing/bending associated vomiting, esp. in morning visual disturbance gait disturbance cranial nerve palsy head tilt ```
41
median time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of brain tumour is
2.5 - 3 months
42
Is the most common murmur pathological or innocent in a child
innocent
43
When would you be more worried about a heart murmur in a child
if there is associated symptoms (SOB, cyanosis, squatting, syncope)
44
When is asthma suggestive in a child
``` if theres a FHx Wheeze on auscultation If there's a constant problem (periods of normality is more likely to suggest URTIs) sleep disturbance exacerbation by cold/exercise ```
45
Indications for concerns in a growth chart include
sudden deviation from the centile line they were previously in a big difference between height and weight centile
46
Breast feeding mothers should take what supplement
Vitamin D
47
A child of >/= 6months should take what supplements
Vitamin A, C and D
48
Growth in a child is led by
growth hormone
49
Growth in a pubertal child is led by
sex hormones
50
Which vaccines are given at 2 months
``` diptheria tetanus polio Hib (DTaP/IPV/Hib vaccine) PCV (pneumococcal) Rotavirus ```
51
What vaccines are given at 3 months
DTap/IPV/Hib (2nd dose) Men C Rotavirus
52
What vaccines are given at 4 months
DTap/IPV/Hib (3rd dose) | PCV (2nd dose)
53
What vaccines are given between 12-13 months
Hib/Men C (booster jag) PCV (3rd dose) MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
54
What vaccine is given at 3yrs 4 months - 5yrs
DTap/IPV (pre-school booster) | MMR (2nd dose)
55
Girls aged 12-13 should get what vaccine
HPV - 3 injections
56
What vaccine is given at 13-15 yrs
Men C booster
57
What vaccine is given at 1-18 yrs
Td/IPV (tetanus, diptheria and polio booster)
58
what are the red flags in developmental milestones
``` Asymmetry for movements Not reaching for objects by 6 months unable to sit unsupported by 12 months unable to walk by 18 months *girls who are carriers of DMD will also have delay - check CK No speech by 18 months loss of skills listen to parent ```
59
What is an example of motor delay in a child
DMD Cerebral palsy Co-ordination disorders
60
What is an example of language delay in a child
Specific language impairment
61
What is an example of sensory deficits and associated delay in a child
Oculocutaneous albinism | Treacher-collins
62
What is an example of developmental deviations in a child
Autism spectrum disorders
63
What percentage of severe visual problems originate in the brain of a child
50%
64
Treacher collins affects what
hearing loss due to conducting problems | also affects development of face, ossicles and ears