Everything Flashcards by Fiona Lannigan

In an infant, in what position is the airway open

in neutral

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After look, listen and feel for signs of life (for 10 sec), what is the next step in an infant

5 rescue breaths

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How many chest compressions to breathing do you do for an infant

15:2

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At what speed do you do this

to nelly the elephant

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In what position is the airway open in a child

sniffing the air (slight head tilt and chin lift)

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How far down the should you press the chest in paeds CPR

1/3rd of the way

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How long should resus be continued

till you are too tired to continue/ someone arrives

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An infants heart rate can be up to _____ max

160bpm

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An infants resp rate can be up to ______ max

40brpm

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An infants sBP can be as low as ______

70mmHg

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What is different about a childs head to an adults

They have a large head and prominent occiput

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What is the site of maximal spinal mobility in children

at the craniocervical junction (this is higher up than adults)

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How is an infants resp tract different from adults that has to be considered in intubation

they have a floppy epiglottis and higher anterior larynx

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Which fractures are more common in children

buckle and greenstick fractures (as they have longer bones and more flexible ribs

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How is blood volume/kg different to adults

its higher

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What are the 2 causes of cardiac arrest in a child

circulatory failure and resp failure (resp has better outcome when alone than when combined with cardio failure)

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What are the causes of circulatory failure

Fluid loss - blood loss

gastroenteritis
burns

fluid malabsorption - septic shock

cardiac disease
anaphylaxis

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What are the causes of resp failure

resp distress - foreign body

croup
asthma

resp depression - convulsions

raised ICP
poisoning

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How does the sick child present acutely

difficulty breathing 
poor feeding
fever
rash
lethargy/depressed conscious level
dehydration

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Effort of breathing can be shown by what head movement of the child

bobbing

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gurgling and squeaking can be a sign of which illness in an infant

bronchiolitis

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inspiratory stridor indicates

upper airway problem

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expiratory wheeze indicated

lower airway problem

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Why is hypotension a pre-terminal sign

children are good at maintaining BP until they are far along the disease course at which point they rapidly deteriorate

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What is the most common cause of dehydration in children

gastroenteritis

What is the treatment for dehydration by gastroenteritis in children

orally rehydrate with dioralyte (if dehydration >10%, fluid maintenance needed)

Sepsis in a child will present as

hot lethargic tachycardic reduced peripheral perfusion

What is the sepsis 6

``` high flow O2 blood cultures Broad spec Abx IV fluid Lactate and Hb levels Hourly urine output ```

A septic screen consists of

Lumbar puncture (to rule out meningitis) Urine cultures Blood cultures FBC

When should an endocrine pathology be considered in a child with growth concerns

If the child is both short and overweight - get some TFTs done

Short stature in a child can be due to what

Genetics | constitutional

Are UTIs common/uncommon in children

very common - esp. young girls

What is the most causative organism of a UTI in a child

E.coli

When deciding to refer a child for a UTI, what should be considered

``` frequency age (new baby - more likely to refer) nature of infection (if child is systemically unwell/ RTI) Pathogen (unusual = refer) FH (of UTIs or renal disease) ```

Constipation is very common in children, how many have a serious underlying pathology

very few

What is the management for constipation in a child

``` laxatives attention to food and drink (up fibre intake) toilet behaviour (accessible toilet, do they have time to go before school, is the child ready for an adult toilet) ```

Abdominal pain is common. when is it most likely a problem

when very disruptive - missing lots of school

What 2 diagnosis do you not want to miss in a child with abdo pain

ceoliac | IBD

what percentage of kids with functional abdominal pain go on to develop anxiety as adults

25%

Red flags for headaches in a child include

``` headaches on waking worse on coughing/bending associated vomiting, esp. in morning visual disturbance gait disturbance cranial nerve palsy head tilt ```

median time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis of brain tumour is

2.5 - 3 months

Is the most common murmur pathological or innocent in a child

innocent

When would you be more worried about a heart murmur in a child

if there is associated symptoms (SOB, cyanosis, squatting, syncope)

When is asthma suggestive in a child

``` if theres a FHx Wheeze on auscultation If there's a constant problem (periods of normality is more likely to suggest URTIs) sleep disturbance exacerbation by cold/exercise ```

Indications for concerns in a growth chart include

sudden deviation from the centile line they were previously in a big difference between height and weight centile

Breast feeding mothers should take what supplement

Vitamin D

A child of >/= 6months should take what supplements

Vitamin A, C and D

Growth in a child is led by

growth hormone

Growth in a pubertal child is led by

sex hormones

Which vaccines are given at 2 months

``` diptheria tetanus polio Hib (DTaP/IPV/Hib vaccine) PCV (pneumococcal) Rotavirus ```

What vaccines are given at 3 months

DTap/IPV/Hib (2nd dose) Men C Rotavirus

What vaccines are given at 4 months

DTap/IPV/Hib (3rd dose) | PCV (2nd dose)

What vaccines are given between 12-13 months

Hib/Men C (booster jag) PCV (3rd dose) MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)

What vaccine is given at 3yrs 4 months - 5yrs

DTap/IPV (pre-school booster) | MMR (2nd dose)

Girls aged 12-13 should get what vaccine

HPV - 3 injections

What vaccine is given at 13-15 yrs

Men C booster

What vaccine is given at 1-18 yrs

Td/IPV (tetanus, diptheria and polio booster)

what are the red flags in developmental milestones

``` Asymmetry for movements Not reaching for objects by 6 months unable to sit unsupported by 12 months unable to walk by 18 months *girls who are carriers of DMD will also have delay - check CK No speech by 18 months loss of skills listen to parent ```

What is an example of motor delay in a child

DMD Cerebral palsy Co-ordination disorders

What is an example of language delay in a child

Specific language impairment

What is an example of sensory deficits and associated delay in a child

Oculocutaneous albinism | Treacher-collins

What is an example of developmental deviations in a child

Autism spectrum disorders

What percentage of severe visual problems originate in the brain of a child

50%

Treacher collins affects what

hearing loss due to conducting problems | also affects development of face, ossicles and ears

Everything Flashcards

(64 cards)