Conditions

Question 1

Pre-eclampsia will present with what

Answer 1

proteinuria and hypertension

Question 2

What is an abnormal amount for babies to lose weight after birth

Answer 2

most babies lose up to 10% after birth, anything >10% loss of weight is abnormal

Question 3

What is different between the anatomy of an infant vs an adult

Answer 3

babies have more flexible ribs
higher anterior larynx
more prominent occiput

Question 4

What does pyloric stenosis present as

Answer 4

2-7 weeks 
projectile (non-bile stained) vomiting (after feeding) 
may have absence of stools
weight loss/ poor weight gain 
contant hunger 
otherwise healthy

Question 5

What is the investigations for pyloric stenosis

Answer 5

test feed
on exam - palpable “olive shaped” mass in RUQ
imaging - muscle at the pylorus which shouldn’t be there

Question 6

What is the treatment for pyloric stenosis

Answer 6

pyloromyotomy - 3 small incisions

- cuts through muscle only, not mucousa

Question 7

What is pea and carrot syndrome in toddlers

Answer 7

undigested veg in stools

Question 8

What is the cause of pea and carrot syndrome in toddlers

Answer 8

immaturity of intestinal motility –> veg to not be digested

Question 9

What will a toddler NOT have in pea and carrot syndrome

Answer 9

weight loss
dehydration
malabsorption
electrolyte imbalance

Question 10

What is the treatment for pea and carrot syndrome

Answer 10

most children grow out of it by age 5yrs

Question 11

What is coeliac disease

Answer 11

villous atrophy caused by intolerance to gliadin causing flattened mucousa

Question 12

What is gliadin

Answer 12

a component of gluten

Question 13

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease

Answer 13

abnormal stool
abnormal distention 
buttock wasting 
malabsorption
irritability

Question 14

What is the investigations for coeliac disease

Answer 14

antibody testing (must be on a gluten diet) 
if antibodies +ve --> referral to gastro ward - may do more serology testing for HLA-DQ2 or IgA or may do a jejunal biopsy

Question 15

what is the diagnostic test for coeliac disease

Answer 15

jejunal biopsy

Question 16

What is the treatment for coeliac disease

Answer 16

life-long gluten free diet

Question 17

What is Hirschprung’s disease

Answer 17

loss of parasympathetic innervation at the large intestine (usually at the rectum and moves proximally)

Question 18

What does Hirschprung’s present as in the early stage

Answer 18

inability to pass stool in the first 48 hours of life
abdominal distention
bile stained vomitous

Question 19

What does Hirschprung’s present as in later life

Answer 19

constipation
diarrhoea
abdominal distention

Question 20

what is the investigation for Hischprungs disease

Answer 20

PR exam - narrowed segment

- no removing finger, gush of liquid stools and flatus

Question 21

What is the treatment for Hischprung’s

Answer 21

surgery

Question 22

What will a tracheo-oesophageal fistula present as

Answer 22

chronic cough
baby turns cyanosed when eating
recurrent aspiration pneumonia

Question 23

What is Gilbert’s syndrome

Answer 23

pre-hepatic jaundice caused by impaired bile salt conjugation

Question 24

What is the typical presentation of Gilbert’s syndrome

Answer 24

infant gets recurrent chest infections associated with jaundice which clears up when infection disseminates

Question 25

What is intussusception

Answer 25

telescoping of one part of the bowel (usually ileo-caecal valve) into another

Question 26

What is the presentation of intussusception

Answer 26

jelly like stools palpable sausage shaped mass vomiting episodic colicky pain

Question 27

what is the typical presentation of a baby with intussusception

Answer 27

baby draws legs in then vomits and lets out a high pitched cry

Question 28

What will intussusception be seen on investigations as

Answer 28

USS - target sign

Question 29

What is the treatment for intussusception

Answer 29

air reduction - air is blown through bottom to push bowel back out

Question 30

What is duodenal atrasia

Answer 30

complete obstruction of the 2nd part of the duodenum

Question 31

What does duodenal atrasia present as

Answer 31

non-bile stained vomiting

Question 32

What is the investigation for duodenal atrasia

Answer 32

abdominal x-ray - double bubble sign | - no gas within bowel distally

Question 33

What is the treatment for duodenal atrasia

Answer 33

nasogastric tube and IV fluids | surgery

Question 34

What is febrile convulsion

Answer 34

seizure associated with sudden increase in temp >38. 5

Question 35

When breast feeding, what does the mum transfer on to the baby

Answer 35

IgA lymphocytes macrophages

Question 36

What should a mum be taking while she is breastfeeding

Answer 36

Vitamin D

Question 37

What is haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by

Answer 37

E.coli 0157

Question 38

what does HUS present as

Answer 38

bloody diarrhoea AKI - haematuria, oliguria thrombocytopenia haemolytic anaemia

Question 39

What is respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 39

when a baby is not producing surfactant so alveoli collapse | occurs in the first 4 hours of life

Question 40

What will a baby with resp distress syndrome present with

Answer 40

RR>60 cyanosis subcostal/intercostal recession expiratory grunting

Question 41

What is the treatment for resp distress syndrome

Answer 41

CPAP | ventilate and give surfactant

Question 42

What is the moro-startle reflex

Answer 42

baby stretches arms out then back in and cries when someone pretends to drop them

Question 43

what is the tonic neck reflex

Answer 43

also called the fencing reflex

Question 44

What is the grasp reflex

Answer 44

baby holds on to anything tightly that touches its palm

Question 45

What is the rooting reflex

Answer 45

when someone strokes a babies cheek, it will turn towards that side and look for the object

Question 46

What is the sucking reflex

Answer 46

the baby will suck on anything that touches the roof of its mouth

Question 47

What is the mainstay cause of growth in infants, children and teenager

Answer 47

infant - nutrition children - GH teenagers - sex hormones and puberty

Question 48

What is congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 48

prolonged jaundice (>14 days) umbilical hernia large tongue bradycardia

Question 49

What is the investigation for congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 49

Guthrie's test (heel prick test)

Question 50

What is the autism triad

Answer 50

communication social interaction flexibility of thought/imagination

Question 51

What are the red flags in growth development

Answer 51

``` Not reaching for objects by 6 months Not sitting up unsupported by 1yr Asymmetrical movement loss of skills Unable to speak/walk by 18 months ```

Question 52

Malrotation will present as

Answer 52

green bilous vomiting