Everything Flashcards
Factors that increase the rate of reaction
Catalyst
Smaller particles
Higher temperature
How to get average rate
Change in quantity
—————————
Change in time
Structure of the periodic table
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and the same number of outer electrons
Below the black line are metals
Above the black line are non metals
The name of group 1
Alkali metals
Name group 7
Halogens
Name group8/0
Noble gases
Why is an atom neutral
Atoms are neutral as Number of protons=number of electrons
How to find the atomic number
Number of protons
Mass number
Number of protons + number of neutrons.
How to find number of neutrons
mass number- number of protons
Definition of isotope
Same element but different mass number
Definition of covalent bond.
Shared pair of outer electrons (non metals)
Diatomic molecules
Bromine, oxygen, fluorine, nitrogen, Iodine, Chlorine, hydrogen
Properties of a covalent molecular substance
Low melting and boiling points
Don’t conduct
Properties of a covalent network
High boiling/melting points
Don’t conduct
How positive and negative ions are made
Positive ions are formed when atoms LOSE their outer electrons
Negative ions are formed when atoms gain outer electrons
What is an ionic bond
The transfer of electrons between a positive metal ion and negative non metal ion
Properties of ionic compound
Dont Conduct when solid
Conduct when liquid as ions are free to move
High melting/ boiling points
Difference between suffix -ite/-ate and ide
Ite/ate is the presence of oxygen
Ide is the bond between two elements
How to find the mass
M=NxGFM
How to find the moles
N=CXV
How to find concentration
C=N/V
How to find the volume
V=N/C
How to find %mass
%m= M/GFM x 100
Ph scale features
Below 7 = acidic
7= neutral
Over 7 =alkaline
What are The two ions in water
Hydroxide
Hydrogen
Why is water neutral
Hydrogen ions =hydroxide ions
What happens when you dilute an acid
The ph goes up
The acidity goes down
Hydrogen ions concentration decreases
What happens when a soluble Non metal oxide dissolves in water
an acidic solution is formed
Are acids a metal or non metal solution
Non metal
What happens when soluble metal oxide dissolves in water
Forms alkaline solution
What happens if an insoluble oxide is added to water
PH stays the same
Name the three types of chemicals we call bases
Metal oxides
Metal hydroxide
Metal carbonate
nitric acid + sodium hydroxide=??
Sodium nitrate + water
Propanoic acid + sodium oxide = ????
Sodium propanoate
Methanoic acid + sodium carbonate =????
Sodium methanoate + Carbon dioxide + water
What is the function of a pipette
To extract, dispense and transfer liquid samples
Function of a burette
To measure the volume of liquid and gases
What does concordant results mean
Results within 0.2 of each other
Why must we add an indicator in titration
To be able to view the end result
Why must we add an indicator in titration
To be able to view the end result
Titration equation
C1V1. = C2V2
——- ———
N1. N2
Explain how to obtain a solid sample of the salt produced in a neutralisation experiment
Filter the mixture
Evaporate the filtrate
Define a homologous series
Same general formula, similar chemical properties
WHATS a hydrocarbon
A compound that is made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Define saturated
Only single carbon to carbon bonds
Define unsaturated
At least one Carbon to carbon double bond
How to test for unsaturation
Decolorises bromine solution
General formula for alkane
CnH2n+2
General for alkenes
CnH2n
General formula for cycloalkanes
CnH2n
Definition of isomers
Same general formula but different structural formula
Give examples of addition reactions
Hydration
Hydrogenation
Halogenation
What is a hydration reaction
The addition of water into an alkene forming alcohol and an alkane
Hydrogenation
The addition of hydrogen to an alkene producing an alkane
The functional group of alcohols
Hydroxyl
(OH)
General formula for alcohols
CnH2n+OH
Why does melting/boiling points increase with an increase in molecular mass
Stronger intermolecular bonds/ attractions
Properties of alcohol
Very Soluble in water
Higher boiling/melting points than alkane
Alcohols with lower molecular weights, like methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol, are miscible with water
Carboxylic acids functional group
Carboxyl group (COOH)
Properties of carboxylic acid
Smaller acids are soluble in water
High melting/ boiling points
Reacts with metal to form hydrogen and water
Define exothermic reactions
When heat energy is given out
Define endothermic
When heat energy is absorbed
What is combustion
When a fuel is burned and reacts with oxygen to release heat energy
Products of complete combustion
Carbon dioxide and water
How to calculate energy release
Eh=cm🔺T
What is a metallic bond
The force of attraction between the delocalised electrons of a metal and the positive metal ions
Why do metals always conduct electricity
Due to metallic bonding, Delocalised electrons are free to move
Metal + oxide= ?
Metal oxide
Metal + water =???
Metal hydroxide
Metal + oxygen=???
Metal carbonate
First four elements on metal reactivity series and what do they react with
Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium
They react with water as they are very reactive
Middle 6 elements on reactivity series and what they react with
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
They react with acids
3 elements that react with oxygen on the reactivity series
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Bottom element of the reactivity series
Gold
