events

Question 1

1950 Sino-Soviet Friendship Treaty

Answer 1

Mao wants manchuria, military, economic advisers

Negotiated from weaker stance

Loan in grain, mineral exports & interest

Have manchuria in 1952

Ussr rights exploit mineral exports for 14 years

Monogolia= sphere of influence

Soviet economic advisers not under chinese law

Question 2

1950 take Tibet

Answer 2

Tibetans own language and culture

Ruled by Dalai Lamas, Buddist monks

‘liberated from imperialist oppresion’

Became autonomonous region

Modernise: roads, electricity

land reform was cautious, feudal landowners kept

Question 3

1950 Korean War

Answer 3

North cross 38th parallel to Seoul

Security Council Resoultion, UN support south

Soviets and china support north

Question 4

1950-51 Resist America and Aid Korea Campaign

Answer 4

Foreigners, americans= enemies of PRC

Westerners persecuted, and missionaries arrested as spies

Christian church property taken, priests and nuns expelled

‘bamboo curtain’

Question 5

1950-51 Suppression of Counter-revolutionaries Campaign

Answer 5

Internal threats, links to GMD and ‘bandits’/criminal gangs, members of religious sects

Large numbers denounced

Shanghi: 40,000 uncovered

Guangdong: 28,000 executed, public for fear

Question 6

1951-52 The Three-Antis Campaign

Answer 6

Started in Manchuria

Corruption, waste,obstructionist bureaucracy: managers, State officials, Party members

Mass meetings officials and managers denounced, humiliated

Like Yan’an rectification campaign, forced to self-criticism to ‘rectify’ mistakes

Question 7

1952 The Five-Antis Campaign

Answer 7

Bourgeoisie: bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts

Work organisations investigate employees

Group criticisms for employees to be denounced or confess

Mass meetings, 3000 feb shanghi, for public denunciations

Guilty= huge fines, confiscate property, sent to labour camps

2-3 million suicides

Question 8

1951-52 Thought Reform Campaign

Answer 8

Intellectuals, suspicious of studied abroad and independent thought

Agents of ‘imperialist cultural invasion’

Forced study and adopt Mao Zedong Thought

Universities: professors= confessions, study sessions, self-criticisms

Question 9

1951 kil quotas and laogais:

Answer 9

Labour camp network

27 million died

1 in 1000 killed, local officials keep track

Punished if not enough killed

Many innocents, rivalry

Question 10

1950-52 Land Reform Campaign:

Answer 10

Emphasis class struggle

In 2 stages: 1. landlords and rich peasants, 2. equal land distribution

Poor peasant leagues then associations, poorest= backbone of leadership

Suppress reactionaries but reviewed and minimal

Question 11

Agrarain Reform Law

Answer 11

Land distribution

Confiscate land and redistribute to poorer peasants and landless labourers

Question 12

Peasant associates

Answer 12

‘Key point’ villages, 30-40 cadres working with peasants’ associations

Question 13

Speak Bitterness meetings

Answer 13

Landlords paraded, forced to ‘Speak Bitterness’ meetings, or executed

By peasants kept CCP loyalty by fear of landlord revenge

Question 14

1953 end of Korean War

Answer 14

Stalin dies and ceasefire

Government propaganda= fear of spies

Mao thinks USA will attack

Taiwan in the defense perimeter

‘Bamboo curtain’

Propaganda= China standing up to American imperialists with battle victories

Beacon for anti-imperialism in Asia

Question 15

1953 First Five Year Plan

Answer 15

New stage of development towards socialist society

‘General line’ used (“greater, faster, better, and more economical”)

Take 15 years

Develpoment of industry

Question 16

1953 Purge of Gao Gang and Rao Shushi

Answer 16

After launch of first five year plan

Gao Gang= leader of Manchuria= strong power base

Head of Planning Commission= directing First Five Year Plan

Sided with Mao against Liu Shaoqi and Zhou Enlai, critisised cautious approach support Rao Shushi leader of Shanghai region

Tried to usurp Zhou Enlai

Mao accused Gao and Rao trying to build independent kingdoms and ‘underground’ activities’

Gao= suicide

Rao= died in prison

Leading positions still had limited power, reminder to party

Question 17

1955 Anti-Hu Feng Campaign

Answer 17

Higher education= expensive, most bourgeois/landlord families

Educated foreign universities or by western foundations= suspicious

Educated were needed to plan industrial economy, prepared to work for regime

Free expression= counter-revolutionary thought

Wrote control over culture stifled creativity and art

To eradicate ‘Hu Feng elements’ from intellectuals

2,000 supporters critisised, 100 arrested

Question 18

1956 Khrushchev’s secret speech

Answer 18

Denounced Stalin, his personality cult, crimes against humanity

Indirect criticism of Mao

Claimed unrest in Hungary/Poland uprisings like China due to people not aliening with the party

Question 19

1957 Hundred Flowers Campaign

Answer 19

‘let a hundred flowers blossom, let a hundred schools of thought contend’

Intellectuals freely critisise the party

Mao not happy, debates over pace of economic change ,1stFYP targets met early= waned to speed up, opened party to critisim to get his way

expecting himself not to be critised