1. the emergence of the People's Republic of China, 1936-1962 Flashcards
what was the Northern Expedition
how were communists effected
1911, Northern and Central China was controlled by landlords who had their own private armies.
1926, Jiang launched a military campaign The Northern Expedition to defeat the landlords to bring all of China under GMD control.
1928 Landlord control was over
Warlords only accepted GMD as they got to keep their private armies
break down of the united front as attacks on Communists in Shanghai followed then jiang’s plan to crush communists
the national assembly
1936, election for a national assembly
elections at a local level were carried out for headmen
corrupt government meant the headman were still appointed by the magistrates
when did japan extend their control into Manchuria
1931
when was the capital moved from Beijing to Nanjing
1928
how were cities more developed than towns
foreign trade meant growing capital, cotton became a major industry
electrical power became more available
new roads and railways
growth of telegraphs and postal systems
western missionary societies set up schools and colleges
more modern western style hospitals and medicine
Shanghai became a leading centre in the world for film production. music and literacy culture was also present
how wer towns less developed then cities
those who lived in towns worked the land and were poor
they weren’t in education
healthcare was minimal and used traditional Chinese medicine
high infant mortality and low life expectancy rates
still took part in foot binding and arranged marriages
japan winning the Sino- Japanese war 1800s
1894-1895, Japanese victory
took areas of Korea and Taiwan
where did japan set up factories to exploit Chinese mineral resources
Treaty Ports: set up in 1842 at the end of the opium war
Britain forced China to open 5 ports for British merchants to use which expanded to be used by British allies
who did japan ally with in ww1
Britain, France and Russia
used as an opportunity to take German controlled Shandong province
Twenty-One Demands
1918 japan brought the Twenty-One Demands to Chinese government:
rights to exploit Manchuria and Inner Mongolia
stationing of Japanese police and economic advisers in northern China
Chinese government= too weak to reject but did resist
China enters WW1 with + conference
Western powers in 1914,
1919 peace conference at Versailles which agreed to permeant Japanese control over Shandong
Japanese attack on Manchuria
1931, group of Junior Japanese officers acting without authority in the Kwantung Army clashed with foreces near Mukden
japan retaliated and launched a full scale assult on Munchuria
1932 had full controll on Manchuria
Manchukuo
Manchukuo was the new puppet state
boycott of Japanese goods in China and demonstrations in Manchukuo
Japanese retaliated by attacking Shanghai 1932, not approved by foreign powers and Japanese eventually withdrew
instated the last emperor Pu Yi as ruler to appear more legitimate to the Chinese
Jiang’s power base
1925- 36 Jiang was consolidating his power
jiang was a military man and trained at Whampoa Military Academy where he created a corps of officers trained in modern military strategy and technology, were loyal and vital allies
within the NRA (National Revolutionary Army) he was Commander-in chief and Chairman of the Military council
leader of GMD
chairman of state council
by 1936 Jiang controlled the military
Jiang’s marriage
1927 he abandons his first wife and marries Soong Me-Lin, daughter of rich Shanghai business man educated in the US = important connections for Jiang
