Eve of Civil War

Question 1

Caileus to Cicero (50s) - lasting peace.

Answer 1

I do not see peace lasting another year. The inevitable struggle approaches.

Question 2

Caeilus to Cicero - Pompey on JC

Answer 2

Pompey is determined not to let Caesar be elected consul unless he surrenders his army.

Question 3

Appian, Civil Wars

Answer 3

Curio states that both Pompey and Caesar should give up their armies (Senate 370 in favour).

Question 4

Caesar, Civil War - Calidius

Answer 4

Calidius recommends that Pompey leave for his provincial command to remove cause for war. / Lentulus refuses to allow for a vote.

Question 5

Caesar, Civil War - freewill

Answer 5

Under compulsion, unwilling and coerced.

Question 6

Caesar CW - law passed

Answer 6

The senate state that if Caesar does not dismiss his army his actions are hostile to the Republic. // the ultimate law.

Question 7

Caesar CW - Lentulus (boast)

Answer 7

Boasts that he will be the next Sulla.

Question 8

Caesar CW - veto

Answer 8

Everything was done in haste. Caesar not informed of ultimatum and the tribunes refused their right to veto present even in the time of Sulla.

Question 9

Caesar CW - rights and religion

Answer 9

All rights, divine and human were thrown into confusion - money extorted from towns and temples.

Question 10

Caesar CW (1.22) reasoning

Answer 10

Caesar states that he does not leave with harmful intent but rather seeks to defend himself and to restore the tribunes and liberate the people from the oppression of a small faction.

Question 11

Plutarch, Caesar - Rubicon

Answer 11

“must take advantage of the golden moment” // “amazing boldness and speed” // “let the die be cast”.

Question 12

Suetonius, Caesar - excuse

Answer 12

Suetonius states that Caesar perhaps uses the guise of their being a lack of compromise as an excuse - Pompey claims it is due to the fact that Caesar needs turmoil because he cannot deliver on what he promised.

Question 13

Suetonius, excuse II

Answer 13

Cato planned on the impeachment of Caesar because of the irreligiosity of his first consulship.

Question 14

Suetonius - Pollio at Pharsalus

Answer 14

Asinius Pollio states that Caesar says this at the Battle of Pharsalus - that he goes to war to avoid trial.

Question 15

Lucan

Answer 15

Caesar states that he leaves behind peace and legality which have been scorned already - Henceforth I follow fortune.

Question 16

A chain of events -

Answer 16

Pompey leaves Italy for Greece. Caesar defeats his forces in Spain. Caesar defeats him at Pharsalus. Pompey flees to Egypt, killed. 46 BC Caesar defeats Cato at Thapsus. Quadruple triumph held. Final defeat at Munda (45)

Question 17

Vellius Paterculus

Answer 17

it was Gaius Curio (..) who (..) applied the torch which kindled the Civil War.

(Steel states that he tries to keep them apart - breakdown of communication).

Question 18

Steel - Pompey M contradiction.

Answer 18

Pompey contradicts himself legally through backing a law in 52 which allows Caesar to stand in absentia, whilst in another law stating individuals must render their candidacy in person. // Steel states this is Pompey trying to remove individual aspiration but not fall out with Caesar.

Question 19

Steel on the Three

Answer 19

Caesar, Pompey and Crassus all tried to transcend the constraints of collective power.

Question 20

Steel on 59 BCE

Answer 20

Steel states that 59 was a year of autocracy - rendering of his opposition impotent. Bypasses the Senate and goes straight to the people (Vatinius)

Question 21

Steel - view to Civil War

Answer 21

As a result of Caesars imperium. Sullan model and Pompeian model.
Pompey states imperium should end in Nov 50. Caesar should stand in summer of 50 but fails to. War inevitable - Curio motion but Pompey no longer willing to negotiate.

Question 22

Steel - proximate cause

Answer 22

The tribunal veto is proximal cause rather than ultimate which is undissipated tension.