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Pediatrics (Lauren) > Evaluation Of The Neonate And Infant > Flashcards

Evaluation Of The Neonate And Infant Flashcards

1
Q

What gets a score of 2 for Respiration

A

Vigorous cry

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2
Q

What are primitive reflexes?

A

Reflexes that disappear by certain ages

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3
Q

What are abnormal findings with baby’s respiration/breathing patterns?

A

Nasal flaring
Grunting
Retractions
Audible wheezing/stridor

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4
Q

Do babies breathe through nose or mouth

A

Obligate nose breathers

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5
Q

Is erythema toxicum bad?

A

No, no one knows what causes it and it goes away within 1 week

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6
Q

What is meconium staining?

A

Meconium causes a greenish color on skin, umbilical cord, mucosa, amniotic fluid, placenta

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7
Q

What does jaundice in first 24 hours suggest?

A

Hemolytic disease

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8
Q

What is the most common life shortening autosomal recessive disease in Caucasian’s?

A

CF

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9
Q

What is the heel stick for?

A

Checking for metabolic and genetic disorders based on state requirements

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10
Q

At the one minute APGAR check: arms and legs were flexed, HR was 110, some flexion of extremities to reflex irritability, body is pink, and there is a slow, irregular cry. What is the APGAR score?

A

7

1, 2, 2, 1, 1

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11
Q

How many arteries and veins are in umbilical cord

A

2 arteries 1 vein

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12
Q

What gets a score of 1 for Appearance

A

Body pink, extremities blue

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13
Q

What are the total bilirubin levels in physiologic jaundice?

A

Over 20mg/dL

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14
Q

Acoustic blink reflex (snapping in ear) tests which cranial nerve

A

CN VIII

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15
Q

Five minute APGAR score 6 or less indicates?

A

High risk for CNS/organ dysfunction. Intervention required

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16
Q

When is the heel stick done to check for disorders

A

1st at 24-48hrs

2nd at first doctors visit/5-10 days

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17
Q

5 components of APGAR score

A
  1. Activity
  2. Pulse
  3. Grimace
  4. Appearance
  5. Respiration
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18
Q

How can we know the anus is is patent and working

A

The baby passes meconium (usually by 48 hrs)

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19
Q

Preemie age

A

Birth prior to 37 wks

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20
Q

Is nystagmus immediately after birth normal?

A

Yes it’s common

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21
Q

What could cause a cephalohematoma (bleeding between periosteum and skull)?

A

Trauma from birth. Forceps/vacuum use

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22
Q

How often should breastfed babies be fed?

A

Every 2-3 hours for 10-15min per breast

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23
Q

What might central cyanosis indicate?

A

Cyanotic congenital heart disease

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24
Q

How do you tell the difference between acrocyanosis and central cyanosis?

A

Mucous membranes will be pink with acrocyanosis, and blue in central cyanosis

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25
Q

What gestational age is considered full term

A

37-42 weeks

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26
Q

When does Moro reflex go away

A

5-6 months

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27
Q

Top 4 diagnoses to come out of newborn screening?

A

Hearing loss
Congenital hypothyroidism
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle Cell

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28
Q

What is rooting reflex

A

Stroke skin at corner of mouth and baby turns head to suck

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29
Q

APGAR score range

A

0-10

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30
Q

What might a large posterior fontanelle indicate

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

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31
Q

How should babies be lying down for sleep

A

On their backs “back to bed”

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32
Q

What is meconium ileus?

A

Meconium is thick and hard to pass which causes an obstruction

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33
Q

What is plantar grasp

A

Touch base of toes and toes curl

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34
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

The intersections of major sutures “soft spots”

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35
Q

How big is the anterior fontanelle at birth?

A

4-6cm

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36
Q

When is jaundice considered pathological?

A

When it starts in first 24 hours or after 2 weeks

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37
Q

What is the most important diagnostic test for CF?

A

Sweat chloride testing

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38
Q

What does it mean if nystagmus persists for awhile?

A

May indicate poor vision or CNS disease

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39
Q

Galeazzi, Ortolani, and Barlow tests all screen for what?

A

Hip dysplasia

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40
Q

What does miliaria rubra look like

A

Red bumps/vesicles

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41
Q

What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex

A

Turn head to Left and the Left arm/leg extend and Right arm/leg flex (and vice versa)

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42
Q

When does palmar grasp go away

A

4-6 months

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43
Q

What is leukocoria

A

White pupillary reflex

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44
Q

Pulse below 100bpm gives what score for Pulse?

A

1

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45
Q

What is physiologic jaundice?

A

Jaundice noticed AFTER 24 hours

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46
Q

What does prophylactic erythromycin ointment prevent? (Eye goop)

A

Gonococcal opthalmia (STD)

47
Q

What are we looking for in the baby’s opthalmoscopic exam

A

Bilateral Red light reflex

48
Q

Rooting/sucking reflex tests which cranial nerve

A

CN V

49
Q

What is positive support reflex

A

Hold baby till his feet touch a flat surface and he’ll kind of stand up

50
Q

What is the Barlow test

A

Holding one leg and ADDUCT the other one feeling for clunk/movement of hip joint dislocation

51
Q

What gestational age is considered late-preterm?

A

34-36 weeks

52
Q

What is the term for undescended testicles

A

Cryptorchidism

53
Q

What can cause cloudiness of cornea

A

Cataracts

54
Q

What causes miliaria rubra

A

Obstructed sweat glands

55
Q

What is omphalitis?

A

Infection of the umbilical stump

56
Q

what gets a score of 0 for appearance

A

Baby is blue and pale

57
Q

What is “heat rash”

A

Miliaria rubra

58
Q

What does ABO or Rh incompatibility have to do with jaundice?

A

No idea but it does

59
Q

What is it called when bilirubin accumulates in the brain

A

Kernicterus

60
Q

Infant age

A

29 days to 12 months

61
Q

What is erythema toxicum

A

Red patches with central vesicles that appear on day 2-3 of life

62
Q

What gestational age is considered preterm?

A

<34 weeks

63
Q

What is torticollis?

A

Injury to sternocleidomastoid

64
Q

What supplement do breastfed babies require?

A

Vitamin D 400 IU/day

65
Q

What does the Nerborns and Mother’s Health Protection Act say?

A

Insurance is required to cover up to 48 hours for vaginal deliveries and 4 days for c-sections

66
Q

What might a bulging fontanelle indicate?

A

Hydrocephalus/infection causing increased ICP

67
Q

What is acrocyanosis

A

Blue extremities with pink mucous membranes that commonly appears shortly after birth and goes away in 1-2 days

68
Q

What gets a score of 2 for Grimace

A

Active motions-sneeze, cough, pull away

to reflex irritability

69
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close

A

2 months

70
Q

What is Ortolani test

A

Holding leg and ABDUCTING hip feeling for clunk of femoral head entering acetabulum

71
Q

Is paradoxical breathing normal for a baby

A

Yes they are “belly breathers”

72
Q

Abnormalities of any primitive reflexes suggests what

A

Neurological disease

73
Q

What is galeazzi test

A

Place feet together and note any difference in knee heights

74
Q

One minute APGAR score less than 4 requires?

A

Immediate resuscitation

75
Q

What is positional plagiocephaly

A

Flat spot from laying on back of head

76
Q

When does positivesupport refelx go away

A

6 months

77
Q

What are milia?

A

Developing sebaceous glands on nose, chin, forehead. Look like whiteheads

78
Q

What could cause leukocoria?

A

Retinoblastoma

79
Q

How does breastfeeding protect baby from infections?

A

IgA antibodies

80
Q

What is a normal Heart rate for infant?

A

120-160bpm

81
Q

How big is the posterior fontanelle at birth/

A

1-2cm

82
Q

What is Moro reflex

A

Pretend to drop baby and look for baby to startle and extend limbs

83
Q

How often is baby assessed during transitional period

A

Every 30 min

84
Q

When does the anterior fontanelle close for 90% of infants

A

7-19 months

85
Q

When are APGAR scores taken

A

1 and 5 minutes

86
Q

What is the problem with congenital hairy nevus

A

Significant malignant potential

87
Q

What gestational age is considered post term?

A

> 42 weeks

88
Q

What does the Ballard Scoring System estimate?

A

Gestational age to within 2 weeks

89
Q

What is a normal respiratory rate for infant?

A

30-60 breaths/min

90
Q

How do we test for Critical Congenital Heart Disease?

A

Pulse oximetry

91
Q

When does the asymmetric Tone reflex go away

A

2-3 months

92
Q

What is the palmar grasp

A

Press finger on baby’s palm and he will grasp your finger

93
Q

Five minute APGAR score of 7 or higher indicates?

A

Normal, proceed to more thorough examination

94
Q

What could torticollis cause?

A

Plagiocephaly(flat spot on head)

95
Q

Does crypotorchidism ever solve itself

A

Yes in 2/3 cases both testes descend by 1 year

96
Q

80-90% of newborns with meconium ileum have___?

A

Cystic fibrosis

97
Q

When does rooting reflex go away

A

3-4 months

98
Q

Why is it important to do a hearing screen before baby is discharged>?

A

Early intervention improves speech development

99
Q

What is the recommended source of nutrition for infants up to 6 months old

A

Breastfeeding

100
Q

What are Epstein pearls

A

small white benign cysts on roof of mouth (at junction of hard and soft palate)

101
Q

Is central cyanosis a big deal?

A

Yes its an emergency

102
Q

Is acrocyanosis a big deal?

A

No

103
Q

What is choanal atresia

A

One side of nose is blocked

104
Q

What might a depressed anterior fontanelle indicate?

A

Dehydration

105
Q

What is the transitional period

A

First 4-6 hours outside the womb

106
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

Abnormalities within 1cm of midline in baby’s buttcrack? Might allow stool to come in contact with spinal canal

107
Q

Neonate age

A

Birth to 28 days

108
Q

When does plantar grasp go away

A

6-8 months

109
Q

What is a normal APGAR score?

A

7-10

110
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Urethra located in wrong location on penis

111
Q

Arms and legs flexed gives what score for Activity

A

1

112
Q

What are important skin colors to note on infant?

A

Jaundice, cyanosis, and meconium staining

113
Q

Do we need to treat a cephalohematoma

A

No, resolves spontaneously within 3 weeks

Pediatrics (Lauren) (4 decks)

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