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227 - Acute Kidney Injury > Evaluation of renal function - Urinalysis > Flashcards

Evaluation of renal function - Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What does specific gravity tell you?

A

>1.02 dehydration

>1.03 proteinuria

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2
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What can PH tell you?

A

It should be acidic as acidic toxins are excreted

An alkalotic picture could indicate CRF/obstruction

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3
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What does the presence of haemoglobin in the urine tell you?

A

Free HB - Renal Ca, glomerulonephirits

RBC - UTI, renal stones, BPH, bladder cancer

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4
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What would you see in rhabdomyolysis?

A

Myoglobin

Dark tea coloured urine

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5
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What may you see in diabetes?

A

Increased glucose

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6
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What would you see in diabetic ketone acidosis?

A

Ketones

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7
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What do nitrites indicate?

A

Infection

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8
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What does leucocyte esterase indicate?

A

Infection as they are produced by neutrophils

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9
Q

(Chemical Composition)

What would you see in a biliary obstruction?

A

Raised bilirubin (normally absent)

Decreased urobilinogen

PALE POO, DARK WEE

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10
Q

(Chemical Composition)

When would urobilinogen increase

A

Haemolysis

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11
Q

(Protein composition)

What three things could protein in the urine indicate?

A
  1. Increased proteins in serum, eg haemoglobin, myoglobin
  2. Glomerular disease and increased filtration
  3. Tubular disease and decreased reabsorption
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12
Q

(Protein Composition)

What does a positive Bence Jones Protein (BJP) indicate?

A

Myeloma

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13
Q

(Protein Composition)

What does microalbuminuria suggest?

A

Diabetic nephropathy and increased permiability to albumin

30 - 300 mg a day

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14
Q

(Protein Composition)

What does protein levels of >3,5g/day indicate?

What would the urine look like?

A

Nephritis

FOAMY URINE

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15
Q

(Formed elements)

What does formed elements refer to?

A

Casts - These are normal findings and are formed in the DCT and collecting ducts but things can get caught in them, suggesting disease

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16
Q

(Formed elements)

What does RBC in formed casts suggest?

A

This suggest the blood comes from before cast formation eg glomerulonephritis.

If they are free then it is post cast formation eg bladder

17
Q

(Formed elements)

What does the presence of WBC in casts suggests?

A

Suggests WBC came from before the DCT eg pyelonephritis

If free then post kidney eg UTI

18
Q

(Formed elements)

Wht does the presence of pigments casts suggests?

A

Myoglobin - rhabdomyolysis

19
Q

(Formed elements)

Wht does the presence of crystal casts suggests?

A

Calcium - Calcium stones

Triple phosphate - Klebsiella/proteus

Uric acid - Gout, AKI (increased uric acid levels)

227 - Acute Kidney Injury (9 decks)

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