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DT > Evaluating new and emerging technologies to inform design decisions > Flashcards

Evaluating new and emerging technologies to inform design decisions Flashcards

1
Q

budget constraints

critical evaluation

A
  • how much are customers prepared to pay
  • cost affecting material selection?
  • will new tech maximise profit?
  • cost savings from speed of manufacture, reduction in materials, reduction in size
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2
Q

timescale

critical evaluation

A
  • time investment in staff training
  • production times
  • what lead times do customers expect?
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3
Q

who is the product for?

critical evaluation

A
  • how can new tech help the product fulfil customer needs?
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4
Q

materials used

critical evaluation

A
  • testing materials
  • will improvements outweigh increased cost?
  • sustainable?
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5
Q

manufacturing capabilities

critical evaluation

A
  • new tech influcences the way products are made
  • automated assembly lines: high-quality, customised products?
  • can new tech enable a flexible reaction to demand?
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6
Q

natural disasters

inform design decisions

A
  • new tech helps reduce environmental impact
  • predict extreme weather patterns
  • better designs, like earthquake-proof buildings
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7
Q

medical advances

inform design decisions

A
  • biotechnology (e.g. prosthetic limbs)
  • medical equipment (MRIs)
  • medical advances that allow people to live longer also create a greater need for supporting the elderly
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8
Q

travel

inform design decisions

A
  • more comfortable
  • more safe
  • more efficient
  • but environmental impact is still a concern, speed of travel still relitavely the same
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9
Q

global warming

inform design decisions

A
  • emission of greenhouse gases
  • new energies, new low/zero-carbon tech
  • ensuring sustainable development
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10
Q

communication

inform design decisions

A
  • now cheap, quick, global, and easy cause of internet
  • designers shouldn’t assume target audience has access to hardware, software, or power sources
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11
Q

where it was made

ethical considerations

A
  • cheap labour in LICs: save costs, but exploits workers
  • new tech produces less pollution and waste
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12
Q

who was it made by

ethical considerations

A
  • hiring low paid workers in LICs: exploitation, such as child labour
  • rights of workers should be high priority
  • check health and safety rules/building regulations in factory location
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13
Q

who will it benefit

ethical considerations

A
  • new tech: cheaper, widely available, higher quality products
  • benefit consumer: makes their life easier
  • manufacturing new products can create jobs
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14
Q

fairtrade

ethical considerations

A
  • tackles poverty and injustice
  • ensures farmers and producers in LICs are paid a fair price for their goods
  • working conditions: prevents child and enforced labour, and discrimination by gender
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15
Q

use of materials

environmental considerations

A
  • fewer materials should be chosen
  • ensure they are recyclable, lighter, and less toxic
  • consider the way materials are mined
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16
Q

carbon footprint

environmental considerations

A

amount of CO2 emissions attributed to an entity (business or person)
reduce carbon footprint by…
* maximising energy efficiency
* analysing supply chain
* recycling
* using renewable energy
* identify carbon offsetting methods, reduce overall emissions

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17
Q

energy use and consumption

env considerations

A
  • extraction, transport, and emissions of fossil fuels harms environment
  • renewables impact habitats and water usage
  • transporting goods burns petrol
  • companies should use energy efficient vehicles to transport products
  • energy cleaner = costs more
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18
Q

life cycle analysis

env considerations

A
  1. raw material extraction and processing
  2. product assembly
  3. product distribution
  4. product use
  5. product disposal OR recovery at end of useful life
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19
Q

what are SMAs

A

can be plastically deformed and return to original shape when heat or current is applied, e.g nitinol
* glasses frames
* greenhouse window openers
* medical stents

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20
Q

adv/disadv. of SMAs

A

+lengthen life of product
+reduced overall size, so less complex
-expensive
-continuous use causes metal fatigue

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21
Q

what are nanomaterials

A

made of tiny components less that 100 nanometers
* fire retardants
* sunscreen
* tennis rackets

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22
Q

adv/disadv of nanomaterials

A

+large SA improves strength, elasticity, conductivity, and absorbency
+combines properties: lightweight but robust and scratch-resistant
-unusual physical properties needs specialist risk assessment

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23
Q

what is photochromic glass

A

darkens when exposed to light and reverses in the dark
* sunglasses
* cockpit windows

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24
Q

adv/disadv of photochromic glass

A

+adapts easily to changing conditions
+undergo many cycles without performance change
-may be slow to react
-not user-controlled reaction

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25
Q

what is reactive glass

A

electrochromatic tech to chanbge from transparent to opqaue
* welding masks and goggles
* windows

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26
Q

adv/disadv of reactive glass

A

+retains heat, reduced energy bills
+instant privacy without permenant blocking of light
-expensive
-requires electricity source

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27
Q

what are piezoelectric materials

A
  • SENSORS: generate electric charge when compressed
  • ACTUATORS: generate movement when electric charge applied
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28
Q

adv/disadv of piezoelectric materials

A

+sustainable
+low maintanence
+compact size, useful in micro-electronics
+actuators: high response speed w/ large force
-wear out
-temp, load, and voltage limitations

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29
Q

what are temperature-responsive polymers

A

change physical properties with a change in temperature
* e.g. dexcom (delivers drugs in a controlled way) (sensors and gel activators)

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30
Q

adv/disadv of temp responsive polymers

A

+useful in biomed
-still being researched, wider application may take time

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31
Q

what are conductive inks

A

contain pigments allowing small currents to flow through, even when dry
* silver, graphite, carbon
* improvising or repairing circuits on printed circuit boards
* printing RFID tags for tickets

32
Q

adv/disadv of conductive inks

A

+easy to use
+lighter and more economical than traditional circuit boards
+low waste
+ink can be folded
-silver is expensive
-difficult to get circuits right

33
Q

what is concrete

A

made of gravel, sand, cement, and water
proportions can depend on use
tensile strength can be improved by steel rods: reinforced concrete

34
Q

adv/disadv of concrete

A

+excellent compressive strength
+cheap
+last 100 years, additives prevent seawater/acid attack
-low tensile strength
-damaged by corrosion of reinforcement bars, heat, and freeze-thaw

35
Q

what is plywood

A

wood veneer bonded with glue
odd no. of layers to balance the stresses arround central core, stable in all directions
veneer’s grain direction run in 90 degrees, inc stability

36
Q

adv/disadv of plywood

A

+very good stability
-some plywood will come apart if layers become wet

37
Q

what is fibre/carbon/glass composite

A

plastic reinforced with glass or carbon fibres (carbon fibre/fibreglass) with polyester resin
* GRP: easily formed into shapes, large structural items
* CFRP: more expensive than glass fibre but stronger, used in body armour/propellor blades/gold clubs

38
Q

adv/disadv of glass/carbon fibre

A

+high strength:weight ratio
+sanded for smooth finish, and painted
-breathing in fibres can cause respiratory problems

39
Q

what are reinforced polymers

A

resin combined with cotton fabrics to make inflammable laminated plastic sheets/rods/tubes

40
Q

adv/disadv of reinforced polymers

A

+half the weight of aluminium
+tough
+good dimensional stability
+insulating properties at high temperatures
+weatherproof and do not need further treatment
-expensive

41
Q

what are robotic materials

A

materials that take input from the surroundings and react to their surroundings automatically

42
Q

adv/disadv of robotic materials

A

+react to surroundings w/o a computer
+react quickly, appropriately, by themselves
+change colour and shape
-expensive and complex

43
Q

what are agrotextiles

A

improve or increase agricultural production
* shading
* thermal insulation
* netting
* wind-breaks
* weed suppresion

44
Q

adv/disadv of agrotextiles

A

+durable
+reduced need for weed killers and pesticides
+cheap
-could chanege ecosystems

45
Q

what are construction textiles

A

improve construction appearance and longevity
* structures: concrete reinforcement
* construction: awnings, scaffolding

46
Q

adv/disadv of construction textiles

A

+strong and light
+reistant to degradation from chemicals/sunlight
+stable in diff heat conditions
-expensive and hard to source
-degrades overtime

47
Q

what are geotextiles

A

when soil/rock needs to be stablised/filtered/drained/reinforced

48
Q

adv/disadv of geotextiles

A

+dont rot
+deal well with water
+cost effective
-easily blocked by sediments
-ineffective if damaged

49
Q

what are sports textiles

A

combine function with comfort for high performance

50
Q

adv/disadv of sports textiles

A

+improve athletic performance
-expensive
-not env friendly

51
Q

what is linear movement

A

straight line
one direction

52
Q

what is reciprocation movement

A

back and forth
straight line

53
Q

what is rotary movement

A

motion around a central point

54
Q

what is oscillation

A

swings back and forth
in an arc
on a central point

55
Q

what is class 1 lever

A

pliers
load at one end
fulcrum in middle
effort at other end (same direction as load)

large input movement –> small output movement but with greater force

56
Q

what are class 2 levers

A

nutcracker/wheelbarrow
load in middle
fulcrum at one end
effort at other end (opposite direction to load)

same as class 1, but fulcrum at one end

57
Q

what is a class 3 lever

A

tweezers
load at one end
effort in middle
fulcrum at other end

force applied by user > output force

58
Q

formula for mechanical advantage

A

MA = load/effort

in newtons

59
Q

formula for velocity ratio

A

VR = distance by effort/distance by load

60
Q

formula for efficiency

A

efficiency = (MA/VR) * 100

61
Q

what is a bell crank

A

class 1 lever
transmits motion through 90 degrees
(around a corner)
bicycle breaks

62
Q

what is a reverse motion linkage

A

class 1 lever
reverses motion of input
windscreen wipers/gear levels in a car

63
Q

formula for velocity ratio of a simple gear system

A

VR = no. of teeth on driven gear/no. of teeth on driver gear

64
Q

formula for total VR of compound gear train

A

total VR = VR of gear train 1 (A to B) * VR of gear train 2 (C to D)

65
Q

formula for output speed

A

output speed = input speed/gear teeth ratio

66
Q

properties of mild steel

A

iron + 0.1-0.3% carbon
tough
ductile
malleable
poor corrosion resistance

67
Q

properties of stainless steel

A

ALLOY of carbon steel and chromium
corrosion resistant
hard
tough
resists wear
difficult to cut

68
Q

properties of cast iron

A

iron and high amounts of carbon
hard skin and soft core
brittle
self-lubricating
good in compression
magnetic

69
Q

properties of aluminium

A

corrosion resistant
malleable
ductile
good conductor
excellent strength:weight ratio (lightweight)

70
Q

properties of copper

A

good conductor
corrosion resistant
polishes well
malleable
tough

71
Q

properties of brass

A

ALLOY 65% copper 35% zinc
corrosion resistant
harder than copper
good conductor
polishes well

72
Q

properties of acrylic

A

tough
easily finished and cleaned
food safe
-easily scratched
+widely available
+no need for painting
+shaped using heat
-brittle

73
Q

properties of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)

A

lightweight
high stiffness
impact resistant
-easily scratched
used for toys
+low melting point
-brittle when exposed to UV light

74
Q

properties of polyester resin

A

rigid
brittle (unless laminated)
good insulator
good chemical resistance
used for boat hulls and sport car bodies
very lightweight and strong

75
Q

properties of urea formaldehyde

A

rigid
hard
heat resistant
excellent electrical insulation
-can break if dropped (poor impact resistance)

DT (4 decks)

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