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RECALLS : Physiology > Evals 2?? [46] [47] > Flashcards

Evals 2?? [46] [47] Flashcards

1
Q

The Pacinian corpuscle is a mechanoreceptor. Compression of the central fiber of the receptor part without the capsule and is unmyelinated will lead to:

a. Opens the ion channel in the membrane and influx
of sodium to the interior of the fiber
b. Produce a local receptor potential, depolarize at the Node of Ranvier and produce an action potential to the CNS
c. Deformation of the central fiber
d. All of the choices

A

d. All of the choices

One capsule layer removed showing the central
fiber terminal tip is unmyelinated and deformed
ion channels opened in the membrane positive
charges diffuse to the interior of the fiber
increases positivity receptor potential local
circuit current flow 1
st Node of Ranvier
depolarizes the membrane AP enter peripheral
sensory nerve fiber CNS

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2
Q

Most of the storage of information or memory occurs in the

a. Spinal cord
b. Subcortex
c. Cerebral cortex
d. Basal brain

A

c. Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is an extremely large memory storehouse

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3
Q

Fast chemical synapse in the Central Nervous System employ ligand-gated channels. The following neurotransmitter can mediate rapid signal except

a. Growth hormone
b. Glutamate
c. Glycine, GABA
d. Acetylcholine

A

a. Growth hormone

Glycine, GABA, ACh, and Glutamate are
Small-molecule, RAPIDLY acting
transmitters (Others: NorEpi, Epi,
Dopamine, 5-HT, Histamine, NO, Aspartate)
Growth Hormone is under the
Neuropeptides, SLOWLY Acting Transmitters
or Growth Factors

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4
Q

The inhibited state of a neuron is characterized by

a. It is caused by Chloride ion influx
b. A more negative intraneural membrane potential -70mV
c. It is caused by potassium efflux
d. All of the choices

A

d. All of the choices

INHIBITED STATE (IPSP): with more negative
intraneural membrane potential of -70mV caused
by K+ efflux and Cl- influx or both
➔ RESTING NEURON: -65 mV normal
intraneural potential
➔ EXCITED NEURON (EPSP): With less
negative intraneural potential of -45mV
caused by Na+ influx

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters that open Anion channels are called

a. Excitatory transmitters
b. Both inhibitory and excitatory transmitter
c. Complex rapid and long acting transmitters
d. Inhibitory transmitters

A

d. Inhibitory transmitters

INHIBITORY TRANSMITTERS which
open ANION channels allow negative
electrical charges to enter; inhibit the
neuron
EXCITATORY TRANSMITTERS which open the CATION channels for passage of positive charged Na; excite the neuron

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6
Q

Most of the synapses used for signal transmission in human Central Nervous System is through

a. Electrical synapse
b. Chemical and electrical synapse
c. Intermediary synapse
d. Chemical synapse

A

d. Chemical synapse
Chemical synapse: most of the synapses
used for signal transmission in the
human CNS

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7
Q

Which of the following best definite role of synapse

a. Storage of information called memory
b. Perform selective action and/or amplifying signals
c. Involved in facilitation and inhibition signals from one neuron to the next
d. All of the choices

A

c. Involved in facilitation and inhibition signals

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8
Q

An amplifying type of an input signal which spreads to an increasing number of neurons as it possesses through successive orders of neurons in its path. This is

a. Both divergence and convergence
b. Divergence
c. Convergence
d. Temporal and Spatial summation

A

b. Divergence

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9
Q

The Excited stage of a neuron is characterized by

a. The generation of action potential which begin in the initial segment of the axon
b. A less intraneuronal membrane potential of - 45mV
c. It is caused by intraneuronal sodium influx
d. All of the choices

A

d. All of the choices

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10
Q

When continuous sensory stimulus is applied, the receptor responds at a high impulse rate initially, then progressively slows, then finally the rate of action potential decreases to few or none at all. This mechanism is referred to as:

a. Adaptation mechanism
b. Accommodation mechanism with progressive inactivation of channels from a deformed sensory nerve fiber
c. Redistribution of viscous elastic component of a deformed Pacinian corpuscle with receptor potential no longer elicited
d. All of the choices

A

a. Adaptation mechanism

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11
Q

The resting membrane potential of the soma of a spinal motor neuron allows both positive and negative control of the degree of excitability of the neuron. The potential is

a. -90 mV
b. -70 mV
c. -45 mV
d. -65 mV

A

d. -65 mV

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12
Q

The signal is caused by a positive feedback within the neuronal circuit to re-excite the input of them same circuit. Once stimulated, the circuit discharges repetitively for a long time. This is

a. Rhythmical reverberatory signal
b. Continuous reverberatory signal
c. Reverberatory signal with any complex parallel fibers
d. All of the choices

A

d. All of the choices

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13
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors which function to detect change in stimulus strength are the properties of the following except:

a. Rate receptors
b. Phasic receptors
c. Tonic receptors
d. Movement receptors

A

c. Tonic receptors

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters that open Cation channels are called

a. Inhibitory transmitters
b. Excitatory transmitters
c. Complex rapid and long acting transmitters
d. Both inhibitory and excitatory transmitters

A

b. Excitatory transmitters

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15
Q

What allows the selectivity of potassium channels to potassium ions and not to sodium ions?

a. The strongly negative charge lining them selectivity filter
b. The molecular diameter of the ions
c. The dehydration status of the ion
d. The distance between the carbonyl oxygens and the ions in the pore wall
e. None of the choices

A

d. The distance between the carbonyl oxygens and the ions in the pore wall

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16
Q

Which of the following would sugar equilibrium the most once the shutter is raised to connect the two solutions?

a. Adding salt to side B
b. Increasing the water volume in side B
c. Lowering the temperature
d. Lower the water concentration in side B

A

c. Lowering the temperature

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17
Q

Which of the following is true regarding carrier transport?

a. Both symport and antiport move molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
b. The coupling of the inward movement of sodium ions with the outward movement of calcium ions is an example of uniport
c. The outward cotransport of glucose and sodium across epithelial cells into the bloodstream is an example of symport
d. The movement of a single glucose molecule along its gradient using a channel protein channel is known as antiport

A

c. The outward cotransport of glucose and
sodium across epithelial cells into the
bloodstream is an example of symport

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18
Q

How can substances be transported across a membrane against their concentration gradient?

a. The plasma membrane is permeable to all molecule
b. The plasma membrane is fully hydrophobic
c. Some membrane proteins are ATP-dependent carrier molecules
d. Some membrane proteins act as channels for specific molecules to enter the cell

A

c. Some membrane proteins are ATP-dependent
carrier molecules

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19
Q

Choose the best answer

a. 1 symporter, 2 ion channel, 3 Na-K pump, 4 pore
b. 1 Na-K pump, 2 symporter, 3 pore, 4 ion channel
c. 1 Na-K pump, 2 symporter, 3 ion channel, 4 pore
d. 1 pore, 2 symporter, 3 Na-K pump, 4 ion channel
e. 1 ion channel, 2 pore, 3 Na-K pump, 4 symporter

A

e. 1 ion channel, 2 pore, 3 Na-K pump, 4 symporter

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20
Q

How do potassium ions travel as they move into the cell?

a. Down the concentration gradient and up the membrane potential
b. Up the concentration gradient and up them membrane potential
c. Up the concentration gradient and down the
membrane potential
d. Down the concentration gradient and down
the membrane potential
e. None of the choices

A

c. Up the concentration gradient and down the
membrane potential

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21
Q

Nernst Equation

a. J dc/dx
b. Net diffusion (Co Ci)
c. EMF = 61log C1/C2
d. k = mv2/2

A

c. EMF = 61log C1/C2

22
Q

Which of the following is an example of active transport?

a. Sodium being reabsorbed in the kidneys
b. Water moving out of the small intestine
c. Oxygen exchanging between red blood cells and liver cells
d. Carbon dioxide exchanging between muscle cells and red blood cells

A

a. Sodium being reabsorbed in the kidneys

23
Q

The sodium-potassium pump (Na-K ATPase) is best described by which of the following statements?

a. After ATP hydrolysis, the phosphate group attaches to the pump before the sodium ions
b. The sodium-potassium pump process begins when potassium attaches to the pump, which hydrolyzes ATP
c. Potassium cannot attach to the pump until the sodium ions detach from the pump
d. Sodium and potassium ions bind to the pump at the same time, and then sodium is released

A

a. After ATP hydrolysis, the phosphate group
attaches to the pump before the sodium ions

24
Q

A cell is injected with ion X and placed into a solution. The following potentials are measured inside and outside the cell, yet there is no net flow of the x ions. Why?

a. There is no permeability for X
b. X must be transported via facilitated diffusion, but
there is no transport protein
c. X must be transported via active transport, and there is no ATP
d. X is a cation so it remains in the cell
e. None of the choices

A

d. X is a cation so it remains in the cell

25
Q

What closes the inner gate of the Na-K pump?

a. Leaving of inorganic phosphate and binding of ATP
b. Binding of inorganic phosphate and the ATP
c. ATP hydrolysis and inorganic phosphate leaving
d. ATP hydrolysis and inorganic phosphate binding
e. None of the choices

A

a. Leaving of inorganic phosphate and binding of
ATP

26
Q

Which ion gate will not open until such time when
membrane potential is almost RMP?

a. Sodium inactivation gate
b. Potassium gate
c. Sodium activation gate
d. Potassium leak channels

A

a. Sodium inactivation gate

27
Q

Examine the image and answer the question. Which of the following is TRUE with regards to ion conductance?

a. From Resting membrane potential, potassium ions have faster conductance
b. Sodium conductance reached a plateau
c. Sodium conductance is slow but prolonged
d. All choices are TRUE
e. All choices are NOT TRUE

A

d. All choices are TRUE

28
Q

Which statement is TRUE with regards to action generation and propagation?

a. With stronger threshold intensity, action potential will not be produced because the nerve adapts to the applied stimulus
b. The amplitude of action potential can be increased if stimulation is increased even after threshold potential is reached
c. Action potential occurs even if stimulus is subthreshold provided stimulation is more frequent
d. All choices are NOT true
e. All choices are true

A

e. All choices are true

29
Q

Saltatory conduction or jumping impulses transmit signals very fast, 50 times faster than the fastest unmyelinated fiber. What is the reason for this type of conduction?

a. Myelinated axon has increased sodium channels
b. Myelination insulates the fiber keeping the ions in the ECF
c. Myelination increases capacitance keeping positive and negative charges bound together
d. Myelinated axons has nodes acting as current sink where depolarization and action potential is generated
e. All choices are correct

A

d. Myelinated axons has nodes acting as
current sink where depolarization and
action potential is generated

30
Q

Which of the following has reduced conductance of ions across the cell membrane?

a. Conductance of K+ ions through the leak channels
b. Conductance of potassium during resting stage of action potential
c. Conductance of potassium during repolarization
d. Conductance of Na+ ions during depolarization
e. None of the above

A

b. Conductance of potassium during resting stage
of action potential

31
Q

The injection of lidocaine before tooth extraction aims to make the procedure painless. What is the mechanism of action of lidocaine?

a. Blocks sodium channels
b. Opens potassium channels
c. Blocks potassium channels
d. Blocks sodium channels
e. Opens sodium channels

A

d. Blocks sodium channels

32
Q

In genetic defects of the voltage-gated sodium channels like Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis and Paramyotonia Congenita, the patient suffers from muscle weakness. What stage of action potential is affected?

a. Resting membrane
b. Hyperpolarization
c. Repolarization
e. Depolarization

A

e. Depolarization

33
Q

What is an outward current?

a. The movement of sodium when an overshoot is achieved
b. The movement of potassium ions from the cell
c. The movement of potassium during depolarization stage
d. The movement of sodium towards the cell

A

b. The movement of potassium ions from the cell

34
Q

A 50-year-old hyperkalemic patient was noted to have hyperreflexia when his reflexes were tested and showed elevated T waves in the ECG. The following physiologic mechanisms explain the findings, EXCEPT

a. Potassium ion conductance is reduced which affected membrane potential
b. Sodium ion channels are open and allows repolarization to proceed
c. Membrane resting potential became less negative
d. Membrane became more excitable

A

b. Sodium ion channels are open and allows repolarization to proceed

35
Q

Which of the following ionic changes is correctly matched with a stage of the action potential?

a. Opening of the voltage-gated Na+ channels –
Depolarization
b. Opening of the voltage-gated K+ channels – Hyperpolarization
c. Rapid closure of the voltage-gated K+ channels – Relative Refractory Period
d. A decrease in extracellular calcium – Repolarization
e. Rapid closure of the voltage-gated Na+ channels Resting Membrane Potential

A

a. Opening of the voltage-gated Na+ channels –
Depolarization

36
Q

Which of the following Is INCORRECTLY matched?

a. All or None Action Potential – stimulus reached
threshold potential
b. Negative Feedback – Depolarization
c. Relative Refractory Period- Membrane potential is lower than threshold potential
d. Absolute refractory period – coincides with entire duration of action potential

A

b. Negative Feedback – Depolarization

37
Q

What Brodmanns area is affected if the person will lose the ability to recognize complex objects and complex forms felt on the body?

a. 5 and 6
b. 5 and 7
c. 3 and 6
e. 2 and 3

A

b. 5 and 7

38
Q

Stimulation of which of the following will produce itch?

a. Motor fibers in the ventral roots of the spinal nerves
b. Dorsal root C fibers
c. Type A Beta nerve fibers
d. Dorsal columns of the spinal cord

A

b. Dorsal root C fibers

39
Q

Loss of capacity to localize cutaneous stimuli is referred to as

a. Astereognosis
b. Two-point discrimination
c. Kinesthesia
d. Lateral inhibition

A

d. Lateral inhibition

40
Q

Pain due to Acute Appendicitis may be felt in the
umbilicus because of the following, EXCEPT

a. Nerve fibers from the Appendix and nerve fibers
from the umbilical area may end on the same neurons in the spinal cord
b. Pain causes a general increase in the excitability of neurons in the spinal cord
c. Embryologically, the appendix arise from the same dermatome as the umbilical area
d. Nerve fibers from the appendix may send collaterals to neurons innervated by the umbilical area

A

b. Pain causes a general increase in the excitability of neurons in the spinal cord

41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator of pain?

a. Acetylcholine
b. All are chemical mediators of pain
c. Bradykinin
d. Prostaglandins

A

b. All are chemical mediators of pain

42
Q

The receptor for pressure sense

a. Pacinian corpuscle
b. Meissner’s corpuscles
c. Ruffinis endings
d. Merkel’s discs

A

c. Ruffinis endings

43
Q

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System is described as

a. Limited to discrete types of
mechanoreceptive sensations
b. Has much less spatial orientation
c. Has the ability to transmit broad
spectrum of sensory modalities
d. Composed of small myelinated fibers

A

a. Limited to discrete types of
mechanoreceptive sensations

44
Q

The neuronal layer/s is in the cerebral cortex which is initially stimulated by incoming sensory signal

a. IV
b. b. V and VI
c. c. I and II
d. d. II and III

A

a. IV

45
Q

NOT TRUE of Brown-Sequard Syndrome

a. Refers to the lateral hemisection of the spinal
cord
b. Causes ipsilateral loss of sensation below the
lesion
c. Causes loss of ipsilateral motor function below
the lesion
d. All are TRUE

A

d. All are TRUE

46
Q

TRUE of fast pain

a. Involves deeper tissues
b. Transmitted in the spinal cord by Type C fibers
c. Chronic pain pathway
d. Transmits thermal pain

A

d. Transmits thermal pain

47
Q

Primary afferent neurons terminate in which of the following regions?

a. Thalamus
b. Superficial layers of the ventral horn
c. Lateral portion of the contralateral gray column of
the spinal cord
d. Substantia gelatinosa

A

d. Substantia gelatinosa

48
Q

True visceral pain arise from

a. Compression
b. Chemical stimulation
c. Mechanical irritation
d. Distention

A

b. Chemical stimulation

49
Q

An anterolateral cordotomy is performed that produces relief of pain in the right leg. It is effective because it interrupts the

a. Left lateral spinothalamic tract
b. Left dorsal column
c. Right corticospinal tract
d. Right lateral spinothalamic tract

A

a. Left lateral spinothalamic tract

50
Q

Destruction of the Sensory Association Area of the
cerebral cortex will lead to

a. Disturbance in consciousness
b. Motor aphasia
c. Reduction in the capability of the brain to
analyze different characteristics of sensory
experiences
d. Abnormality in voluntary control of muscle
activity

A

c. Reduction in the capability of the brain to
analyze different characteristics of sensory
experiences

RECALLS : Physiology (2 decks)

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